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Monday, September 01, 2025

Possibility of a US–India Trade Deal



Possibility of a US–India Trade Deal 

A comprehensive free trade agreement (FTA) between the United States and India remains elusive in the immediate term, but not impossible. As of September 2025, bilateral relations are strained by a diplomatic and trade crisis triggered by President Donald Trump’s decision to impose 50% tariffs on Indian imports—a measure that took effect in late August. The move, a doubling from the earlier 25% levy, was framed as retaliation for India’s continued purchases of Russian oil and arms amid the Ukraine conflict, as well as a response to what Washington views as a “one-sided” trade imbalance favoring India.

The numbers are stark: the U.S. trade deficit with India reached $45.8 billion in 2024, with bilateral goods trade totaling $129 billion. While negotiations toward a deal were underway through mid-2025, talks collapsed in early August after Trump expressed frustration over what he called India’s refusal to “play fair.”

Yet the situation shifted dramatically on August 29, 2025, when a U.S. appeals court ruled—by a 7-4 margin—that most of Trump’s broad tariff actions were illegal, citing misuse of the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA). Although the ruling left intact tariffs on steel and aluminum (authorized under different laws), it placed the India-specific duties in legal jeopardy. A Supreme Court review is likely, but for now the decision hands New Delhi leverage it lacked just weeks ago.

Trump has vowed to fight on, warning that lifting tariffs would leave the United States “completely destroyed.” Still, many analysts believe the ruling could open the door to a strategic reset, reframing trade as part of a broader security partnership against China—perhaps through a new U.S.–India Strategic Dialogue on Trade, Energy, and Technology.

In the first half of 2025, Indian exports to the U.S. totaled $56.3 billion, against U.S. exports to India of $22.1 billion. The depth of economic interdependence underscores that both sides have incentives to avoid escalation. If tariffs are eventually rolled back, a limited sectoral agreement could emerge by mid-2026, serving as a stepping-stone toward a more comprehensive pact.


India’s Major Concerns

India’s anxieties focus on economic vulnerability, strategic autonomy, and domestic protections:

  • Export losses: The 50% tariffs threaten as much as 70% of Indian exports to the U.S., risking a 0.2–0.4% hit to GDP and layoffs in labor-intensive sectors such as textiles, gems and jewelry, leather, footwear, shrimp, chemicals, and machinery.

  • Energy security: With global oil prices elevated, India sees discounted Russian crude as essential. Since the Ukraine invasion, New Delhi has dramatically increased purchases, despite Western disapproval. Foreign Minister S. Jaishankar bluntly stated, “If you don’t like it, don’t buy it,” highlighting India’s determination to preserve strategic autonomy.

  • Agriculture and small producers: Protecting rural livelihoods from U.S. dairy, poultry, and agricultural imports is politically non-negotiable. Likewise, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in manufacturing require continued tariff and procurement preferences.

  • Intellectual property (IP) rules: India rejects U.S. demands for stricter pharmaceutical patents, fearing they would raise drug costs by undermining its globally important generics industry.

  • Policy tools: New Delhi insists on retaining mechanisms such as quality control orders—measures often targeted at China but also affecting U.S. firms.


America’s Major Concerns

From Washington’s perspective, the trade relationship is a “one-sided disaster” (Trump’s words), with grievances centered on both economics and geopolitics:

  • Market access: The U.S. cites India’s high tariffs—among the steepest globally—as barriers preventing reciprocal access. American dairy, poultry, and agricultural exporters are particularly frustrated.

  • Technology and services: Demands include stronger IP protections, looser restrictions on data flows, and access to Indian public procurement markets.

  • Russia factor: India’s multi-billion-dollar Russian oil and arms imports directly undermine U.S. sanctions policy and support for Ukraine. Roughly half of the tariffs imposed in August were explicitly tied to this issue.

  • Immigration frictions: Disputes over H-1B visas and outsourcing remain politically sensitive in Washington, feeding narratives of unfairness.

  • Perceptions of “profiteering”: Trump has accused India of exploiting the Ukraine war to its own benefit, both through discounted energy and by filling global export gaps left by sanctioned Russia.


India’s Red Lines

New Delhi has drawn clear boundaries that it will not cross:

  • Agriculture and dairy protection: No major concessions on market access that endanger farmers. Dairy and poultry remain untouchable.

  • Strategic autonomy on Russia: Continued oil and arms imports are essential. India will not subject its energy security to U.S. sanctions.

  • Pharma flexibility: Safeguards for generic medicines will remain intact.

  • Sensitive labor-intensive industries: Tariff cuts in sectors like textiles or leather must include safeguards to prevent job losses.

  • Policy space: India will keep tools like procurement preferences and quality control standards.


America’s Red Lines

Washington, for its part, has outlined its own non-negotiables:

  • Trade deficit reduction: India must lower tariffs and allow more U.S. goods into its market.

  • Russia compliance: Significant curbs on Indian purchases of Russian oil and defense systems are expected.

  • IP and services: Stronger protections for U.S. technology and pharma firms, plus curbs on localization mandates.

  • No asymmetry: Trump has offered zero tariffs in exchange for reciprocity but will not tolerate one-sided concessions.


Can They Find Common Ground?

Compromise is difficult, but not impossible. Shared concerns about China’s rise—expressed through forums like the Quad—offer a foundation for trade cooperation. A phased approach is the most realistic scenario: tariff reductions in less sensitive sectors, modest concessions on IP, and energy diversification commitments by India.

A “mini-deal” could precede a full FTA, covering technology, defense co-production, and selective goods. Agriculture and IP remain the flashpoints most likely to derail talks. Without progress, India may continue pivoting toward Europe and Asia for trade diversification.


Lessons from UK and EU Deals

  • UK–India FTA (signed July 24, 2025): Eliminates tariffs on 99% of Indian exports and 90% of UK exports, phased over 10 years. Sensitive UK agricultural products were excluded. This deal demonstrates how phased liberalization with carve-outs can succeed.

  • EU–India FTA (ongoing): More ambitious, covering sustainability, labor, and investment protections. While incomplete, it reflects India’s willingness to negotiate with large partners.

For Washington, these agreements serve as potential templates, though U.S. demands on IP, services, and Russia compliance may complicate replication.


The Role of Court Decisions

The August 29 appeals court ruling has transformed the negotiating landscape. If upheld by the Supreme Court, it could nullify Trump’s India-specific tariffs, weakening U.S. leverage and allowing New Delhi to negotiate from a position of relative strength. Even as tariffs remain during appeals, the decision has already shifted perceptions: India can highlight U.S. legal overreach while pressing for a fairer framework.


Outline for a U.S.–India Trade Deal

A realistic path forward points toward a phased, limited pact, building gradually toward comprehensiveness:

  1. Preamble and Objectives

    • Bilateral trade target: $200 billion by 2030.

    • Guiding principles: respect for India’s agricultural red lines and U.S. Russia concerns.

    • Phased implementation over 5–10 years.

  2. Tariff Reductions and Market Access

    • Zero tariffs on 70–80% of lines immediately (e.g., U.S. chemicals/tech, Indian textiles/IT).

    • Phase-outs for an additional 10–15% over five years.

    • Quotas to cap U.S. ag imports; dairy/poultry excluded.

  3. Services and Technology

    • U.S. access in Indian finance/telecom.

    • Indian IT/outsourcing gains.

    • Relaxed data localization requirements.

  4. Non-Tariff Measures

    • Harmonization of standards; easing of Indian quality orders for U.S. goods.

    • Moderate IP reforms: stronger protections, but generics preserved.

  5. Geopolitics and Energy

    • India diversifies by boosting U.S. LNG imports.

    • U.S. drops Russia-linked tariffs once court rulings are final.

    • Joint supply chain resilience initiatives against China.

  6. Investment and Sustainability

    • Separate pact for U.S. FDI protections, aligned with India’s “Make in India” push.

    • Light labor and environmental provisions, enforceable by dialogue.

  7. Dispute Settlement and Review

    • Binding arbitration panels.

    • Annual reviews to expand scope.

    • Escape clauses for national security.


Conclusion

A full U.S.–India FTA remains improbable in the near term, but a pragmatic “mini-FTA” is within reach—especially if courts strike down Trump’s tariffs. Both sides must balance domestic politics, strategic autonomy, and global alliances. If handled wisely, trade negotiations could evolve from confrontation to cooperation, positioning the U.S. and India as partners in shaping the economic architecture of a multipolar world.




अमेरिका–भारत व्यापार समझौते की संभावना

अमेरिका और भारत के बीच एक व्यापक मुक्त व्यापार समझौता (एफटीए) निकट भविष्य में अभी कठिन प्रतीत होता है, लेकिन असंभव नहीं है। सितम्बर 2025 तक द्विपक्षीय संबंध गंभीर तनाव में हैं। राष्ट्रपति डोनाल्ड ट्रम्प द्वारा भारतीय आयात पर 50% टैरिफ लगाने के निर्णय ने इस संकट को जन्म दिया। यह कदम, जो अगस्त के अंत से प्रभावी हुआ, पहले लगाए गए 25% शुल्क का दुगुना है। अमेरिका ने इसे रूस से भारत की तेल और हथियार खरीदारी जारी रखने और “एकतरफ़ा” व्यापार असंतुलन का हवाला देकर सही ठहराया।

आँकड़े बताते हैं कि 2024 में अमेरिका का भारत के साथ 45.8 अरब डॉलर का व्यापार घाटा था, जबकि द्विपक्षीय वस्तु व्यापार 129 अरब डॉलर तक पहुँचा। 2025 के मध्य तक समझौते पर बातचीत चल रही थी, लेकिन अगस्त की शुरुआत में वार्ता टूट गई, जब ट्रम्प ने भारत पर “न्यायपूर्ण खेल न खेलने” का आरोप लगाया।

हालाँकि, स्थिति 29 अगस्त 2025 को बदल गई, जब अमेरिकी अपील न्यायालय ने 7-4 के फ़ैसले में ट्रम्प की अधिकांश व्यापक टैरिफ कार्रवाइयों को अवैध ठहरा दिया। अदालत ने कहा कि अंतर्राष्ट्रीय आपातकालीन आर्थिक शक्तियाँ अधिनियम (IEEPA) का दुरुपयोग किया गया था। इस फ़ैसले से इस्पात और एल्युमीनियम पर लगाए गए शुल्क अप्रभावित हैं (क्योंकि वे अलग क़ानूनों के तहत अधिकृत हैं), लेकिन भारत-विशिष्ट शुल्क क़ानूनी संकट में आ गए।

ट्रम्प ने चेतावनी दी है कि शुल्क हटाने से अमेरिका “पूरी तरह नष्ट” हो जाएगा। फिर भी विश्लेषकों का मानना है कि यह फ़ैसला रणनीतिक रीसेट का अवसर प्रदान करता है, जहाँ व्यापार को चीन के विरुद्ध व्यापक सुरक्षा साझेदारी का हिस्सा बनाया जा सकता है—संभवतः एक नए अमेरिका–भारत व्यापार, ऊर्जा और प्रौद्योगिकी संवाद के माध्यम से।

2025 की पहली छमाही में भारत ने अमेरिका को 56.3 अरब डॉलर का निर्यात किया, जबकि अमेरिका से 22.1 अरब डॉलर का आयात हुआ। यह पारस्परिक निर्भरता दोनों देशों को टकराव से बचने के लिए मजबूर करती है। यदि शुल्क अंततः हटा दिए जाते हैं, तो सीमित क्षेत्रीय समझौता 2026 के मध्य तक उभर सकता है, जो व्यापक एफटीए की दिशा में पहला क़दम होगा।


भारत की प्रमुख चिंताएँ

भारत की चिंताएँ आर्थिक असुरक्षा, रणनीतिक स्वायत्तता और घरेलू संरक्षण पर केंद्रित हैं:

  • निर्यात हानि: 50% शुल्क भारत के 70% अमेरिकी निर्यात को प्रभावित कर सकते हैं, जिससे 0.2–0.4% जीडीपी गिरावट और लाखों नौकरियों का नुक़सान होगा।

  • ऊर्जा सुरक्षा: रूस से सस्ता तेल भारत के लिए अनिवार्य है। विदेश मंत्री एस. जयशंकर ने स्पष्ट कहा—“अगर आपको पसंद नहीं है, तो मत खरीदिए।”

  • कृषि और छोटे उत्पादक: अमेरिकी डेयरी, पोल्ट्री और कृषि आयात से ग्रामीण आजीविका को ख़तरा है, जिसे भारत स्वीकार नहीं कर सकता।

  • बौद्धिक संपदा नियम: भारत कड़े अमेरिकी दबाव का विरोध करता है, क्योंकि इससे जेनेरिक दवाओं की उपलब्धता प्रभावित होगी।

  • नीतिगत उपकरण: गुणवत्ता नियंत्रण आदेश और सरकारी ख़रीदारी में स्थानीय प्राथमिकता भारत बनाए रखना चाहता है।


अमेरिका की प्रमुख चिंताएँ

अमेरिकी दृष्टिकोण से संबंध एक “एकतरफ़ा आपदा” हैं। मुख्य मुद्दे हैं:

  • बाज़ार पहुँच: भारत के ऊँचे शुल्क अमेरिकी कृषि (डेयरी/पोल्ट्री) को बाधित करते हैं।

  • प्रौद्योगिकी व सेवाएँ: अमेरिका कड़े आईपी सुरक्षा, डेटा प्रवाह की स्वतंत्रता और सार्वजनिक ख़रीदारी में हिस्सेदारी चाहता है।

  • रूस फैक्टर: रूस से भारत की तेल और हथियार ख़रीद अमेरिकी प्रतिबंधों को कमजोर करती है।

  • आव्रजन: एच-1बी वीज़ा और आउटसोर्सिंग पर विवाद बना हुआ है।

  • “लाभ कमाने” का आरोप: ट्रम्प का दावा है कि भारत युद्ध से फ़ायदा उठा रहा है।


भारत की लाल रेखाएँ

  • कृषि और डेयरी सुरक्षा

  • रूस पर रणनीतिक स्वायत्तता

  • फ़ार्मा लचीलापन (जेनेरिक दवाओं की सुरक्षा)

  • श्रम-प्रधान उद्योगों की सुरक्षा

  • नीतिगत अधिकार बनाए रखना


अमेरिका की लाल रेखाएँ

  • व्यापार घाटे में कमी

  • रूस प्रतिबंधों का अनुपालन

  • कड़े आईपी और सेवाओं तक पहुँच

  • समानता आधारित समझौता, एकतरफ़ा नहीं


साझा ज़मीन की संभावना

समझौता कठिन है, लेकिन असंभव नहीं। चीन को संतुलित करने की साझा चिंता दोनों देशों को जोड़ सकती है। चरणबद्ध दृष्टिकोण में कम संवेदनशील क्षेत्रों में शुल्क में कटौती, ऊर्जा विविधीकरण और तकनीक/रक्षा में साझेदारी शामिल हो सकती है।

एक “मिनी-डील” पहले संभव है, व्यापक एफटीए बाद में। असफलता की स्थिति में भारत यूरोप और एशिया की ओर और झुक सकता है।


यूके और ईयू समझौतों से सबक

  • यूके–भारत एफटीए (24 जुलाई 2025): 99% भारतीय निर्यात और 90% ब्रिटिश निर्यात पर शुल्क समाप्त; 10 वर्षों में लागू।

  • ईयू–भारत एफटीए (प्रक्रिया में): और अधिक व्यापक, जिसमें श्रम, पर्यावरण और निवेश सुरक्षा शामिल है।

ये समझौते टेम्पलेट हो सकते हैं, लेकिन अमेरिका की अतिरिक्त मांगें (आईपी, रूस) इसे जटिल बनाती हैं।


न्यायालय का फ़ैसला और असर

29 अगस्त 2025 का अपील न्यायालय का फ़ैसला वार्ता परिदृश्य बदल चुका है। यदि सुप्रीम कोर्ट भी इसे बरकरार रखता है, तो भारत-विशिष्ट शुल्क हट सकते हैं। इससे भारत को मज़बूत स्थिति से बातचीत करने का अवसर मिलेगा और अमेरिका को “अन्यायपूर्ण” नीतियों से पीछे हटना होगा।


संभावित अमेरिका–भारत व्यापार समझौते की रूपरेखा

  1. भूमिका और उद्देश्य: 2030 तक 200 अरब डॉलर द्विपक्षीय व्यापार; 5–10 वर्षों में चरणबद्ध क्रियान्वयन।

  2. शुल्क और बाज़ार पहुँच: 70–80% वस्तुओं पर तुरंत शून्य शुल्क; कृषि पर कोटा; डेयरी/पोल्ट्री को बाहर रखा जाए।

  3. सेवाएँ और तकनीक: अमेरिकी कंपनियों को वित्त/दूरसंचार क्षेत्र में पहुँच; भारतीय आईटी/आउटसोर्सिंग को लाभ।

  4. ग़ैर-शुल्क उपाय: मानकों का सामंजस्य; मध्यम स्तर की आईपी सुधार।

  5. भू-राजनीति और ऊर्जा: भारत अमेरिकी एलएनजी आयात बढ़ाए; अमेरिका रूस-लिंक्ड टैरिफ हटाए।

  6. निवेश और स्थिरता: अमेरिकी एफडीआई की सुरक्षा; हल्के श्रम/पर्यावरण प्रावधान।

  7. विवाद निपटान और समीक्षा: बाध्यकारी मध्यस्थता; वार्षिक समीक्षा; राष्ट्रीय सुरक्षा हेतु विशेष प्रावधान।


निष्कर्ष

पूर्ण एफटीए निकट भविष्य में कठिन है, लेकिन एक व्यावहारिक “मिनी-एफटीए” संभव है—विशेषकर यदि न्यायालय ट्रम्प के शुल्क को रद्द कर देता है। यदि दोनों देश समझदारी से संतुलन साधें, तो टकराव से सहयोग की ओर बढ़ सकते हैं और बहुध्रुवीय विश्व व्यवस्था में एक नए आर्थिक ढाँचे के निर्माण में साझेदार बन सकते हैं।


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Trump plans a hefty tax on imported drugs, risking higher prices and shortages President Donald Trump has plastered tariffs on products from almost every country on earth. He’s targeted specific imports including autos, steel and aluminum........ But he isn’t done yet. ......... Trump has promised to impose hefty import taxes on pharmaceuticals, a category of products he’s largely spared in his trade war. For decades, in fact, imported medicine has mostly been allowed to enter the United States duty free. ....... That’s starting to change. U.S. and European leaders recently detailed a trade deal that includes a 15% tariff rate on some European goods brought into the United States, including pharmaceuticals. Trump is threatening duties of 200% more on drugs made elsewhere. ........ “Shock and awe’’ is how Maytee Pereira of the tax and consulting firm PwC describes Trump’s plans for drugmakers. “This is an industry that’s going from zero (tariffs) to the potentiality of 200%.’’ ....... Trump has promised Americans he’ll lower their drug costs. But imposing stiff pharmaceutical tariffs risks the opposite and could disrupt complex supply chains, drive cheap foreign-made generic drugs out of the U.S. market and create shortages. ....... lower-income households and the elderly would feel the greatest impact. ....... The threat comes as Trump also pressures drugmakers to lower prices in the United States. He recently sent letters to several companies telling them to develop a plan to start offering so-called most-favored nation pricing here. ......... But Trump has said he’d delay the tariffs for a year or a year and a half, giving companies a chance to stockpile medicine and shift manufacturing to the United States — something some have already begun to do. ........ Leerink Partners analyst David Risinger said in a July 29 note that most drugmakers have already increased drug product imports and may carry between six and 18 months of inventory in the U.S. ......... tariffs that don’t kick in until the back half of 2026 may not be felt until 2027 or 2028 due to stockpiling. .......... In recent decades, drugmakers have moved many operations overseas – to take advantage of lower costs in China and India and tax breaks in Ireland and Switzerland. As a result, the U.S. trade deficit in medicinal and pharmaceutical products is big -- nearly $150 billion last year. ......... The COVID-19 experience – when countries were desperate to hang onto their own medicine and medical supplies — underscored the dangers of relying on foreign countries in a crisis, especially when a key supplier is America’s geopolitical rival China. ....... He wants to bring pharmaceutical factories back to the United States, noting that U.S.-made drugs won’t face his tariffs. ......... The Swiss drugmaker Roche said in April that it will invest $50 billion in expanding its U.S. operations. Johnson & Johnson will spend $55 billion within the United States in the next four years. CEO Joaquin Duato said recently that the company aims to supply drugs for the U.S. market entirely from sites located there. ......

But building a pharmaceutical factory in the United States from scratch is expensive and can take several years.

........ And building in the U.S. wouldn’t necessarily protect a drugmaker from Trump’s tariffs, not if the taxes applied to imported ingredients used in the medicine. Jacob Jensen, trade policy analyst at the right-leaning American Action Forum, notes that “97% of antibiotics, 92% of antivirals and 83% of the most popular generic drugs contain at least one active ingredient that is manufactured abroad.’’ ........ Brand-name drug companies have fat profit margins that provide flexibility to make investments and absorb costs as Trump’s tariffs begin. Generic drug manufacturers do not........ Some may decide to leave the U.S. market rather than pay tariffs. That could prove disruptive: Generics account for 92% of U.S. retail and mail-order pharmacy prescriptions. ....... “In an ideal world, we would be making everything that’s important only in the U.S.,’’ Wosińska said. “But it costs a lot of money ... We have offshored so much of our supply chains because we want to have inexpensive drugs. If we want to reverse this, we would really have to redesign our system ... How much are we willing to spend?''

US and NATO ally flex muscles on Russia's Arctic doorstep

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Kalkiism: The Economic And Spiritual Blueprint For An Age Of Abundance
The Last Age: Lord Kalki, Prophecy, and the Final War for Peace
The Protocol of Greatness (novel)
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Rethinking Trade: A Blueprint for a Just and Thriving Global Economy
The $500 Billion Pivot: How the India-US Alliance Can Reshape Global Trade
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Peace For Taiwan Is Possible
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A 2T Cut
Are We Frozen in Time?: Tech Progress, Social Stagnation
The Last Age of War, The First Age of Peace: Lord Kalki, Prophecies, and the Path to Global Redemption
AOC 2028: : The Future of American Progressivism