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Friday, August 01, 2025

De-Dollarization: Inevitable

De-Dollarization Is Inevitable. The World Isn’t Prepared

Here’s a concise summary of the World Politics Review article “De-Dollarization Is Inevitable. The World Isn’t Prepared” (World Politics Review):


๐Ÿงญ Key takeaways

⚠️ U.S. fiscal crisis and foundational fragility

  • The article argues that the United States faces an emerging fiscal crisis threatening the post‑Bretton Woods international monetary system. This system underpins the dollar’s roles as the global reserve currency, issuer of safe‑haven Treasury assets, and guarantor of global consumption through U.S. deficits (World Politics Review).

๐Ÿ”„ Momentum toward de‑dollarization

  • Several factors—including U.S. budget deficits, sanctions (“dollar weaponization”), political unpredictability, and erosion of global trust—have accelerated efforts by countries and blocs (e.g. BRICS, EU, ASEAN, and African nations) to reduce dependence on the dollar.

  • Initiatives include direct currency settlement mechanisms (e.g. yuan-rupee, rupee-ruble) and regional alternatives like an African “Eco” currency (The Guardian).

๐Ÿ› Toward a multipolar currency architecture

๐Ÿšง Risk of erosion from overleveraging its power

  • Overusing the dollar as a geopolitical tool (e.g. sanctioning sovereign reserves) may be undermining long-term dollar strength. Competition is rising from alternatives like gold, yuan, regional settlement systems, and potentially, IMF SDRs or a common Afro-BRICS currency (Investopedia).

๐Ÿงฉ Tension between domestic policy and global responsibilities

  • The article invokes the Triffin dilemma: to serve global demand, the U.S. must run trade deficits—but that same approach exacerbates domestic fiscal vulnerabilities and heightens currency stability risks (Wikipedia).


๐Ÿ“‰ Bottom line

  • The world is undergoing a structural shift toward monetary multipolarity. While the dollar remains dominant, it faces serious challenges—from geopolitical reactions to U.S. policy, from shrinking global trust, and from coordinated economic alternatives.

  • The article warns: if Washington does not adapt—by reforming fiscal policy, limiting heavy-handed financial coercion, and embracing more inclusive international monetary governance—it risks losing not only monetary leverage but also long-standing global influence.





เคฏเคนाँ World Politics Review เค•े เคฒेเค– “De-Dollarization Is Inevitable. The World Isn’t Prepared” เค•ा เคนिंเคฆी เคฎें เคธाเคฐांเคถ เคช्เคฐเคธ्เคคुเคค เคนै:


๐Ÿงญ เคฎुเค–्เคฏ เคฌिंเคฆु

⚠️ เค…เคฎेเคฐिเค•ा เค•ा เคฐाเคœเค•ोเคทीเคฏ เคธंเค•เคŸ เค”เคฐ เคช्เคฐเคฃाเคฒी เค•ी เคจाเคœुเค•เคคा

  • เคฏเคน เคฒेเค– เคคเคฐ्เค• เคฆेเคคा เคนै เค•ि เค…เคฎेเคฐिเค•ा เคเค• เค‰เคญเคฐเคคे เคนुเค เคฐाเคœเค•ोเคทीเคฏ เคธंเค•เคŸ เค•ा เคธाเคฎเคจा เค•เคฐ เคฐเคนा เคนै เคœो เคฌ्เคฐेเคค्เคคเคจ เคตुเคก्เคธ เค•े เคฌाเคฆ เค•ी เค…ंเคคเคฐเคฐाเคท्เคŸ्เคฐीเคฏ เคฎौเคฆ्เคฐिเค• เคช्เคฐเคฃाเคฒी เค•ो เค–เคคเคฐे เคฎें เคกाเคฒ เคธเค•เคคा เคนै। เคฏเคน เคช्เคฐเคฃाเคฒी เค…เคฎेเคฐिเค•ी เคกॉเคฒเคฐ เค•ो เคตैเคถ्เคตिเค• เคฐिเคœเคฐ्เคต เคฎुเคฆ्เคฐा, เคธुเคฐเค•्เคทिเคค เคŸ्เคฐेเคœเคฐी เคธंเคชเคค्เคคिเคฏों เค•े เคธ्เคฐोเคค, เค”เคฐ เค…เคฎेเคฐिเค•ा เค•े เค˜ाเคŸे เค•े เคœ़เคฐिเค เคตैเคถ्เคตिเค• เค–เคชเคค เค•ो เคฌเคจाเค เคฐเค–เคจे เคตाเคฒे เค‰เคชเค•เคฐเคฃ เค•े เคฐूเคช เคฎें เคธ्เคฅाเคชिเคค เค•เคฐเคคी เคนै।

๐Ÿ”„ เคกॉเคฒเคฐ-เคฎुเค•्เคคि เค•ी เคฌเคข़เคคी เค—เคคि

  • เค•เคˆ เค•ाเคฐเคฃ—เคœैเคธे เค…เคฎेเคฐिเค•ा เค•े เคฌเคœเคŸ เค˜ाเคŸे, เคช्เคฐเคคिเคฌंเคงों (เคกॉเคฒเคฐ เค•ा “เคนเคฅिเคฏाเคฐเค•เคฐเคฃ”), เคฐाเคœเคจीเคคिเค• เค…เคธ्เคฅिเคฐเคคा เค”เคฐ เคตैเคถ्เคตिเค• เคตिเคถ्เคตाเคธ เคฎें เค•เคฎी—เคจे เคฆेเคถों เค”เคฐ เคฌ्เคฒॉเค•ों (เคœैเคธे BRICS, เคฏूเคฐोเคชीเคฏ เคธंเค˜, ASEAN เค”เคฐ เค…เคซ्เคฐीเค•ी เคฐाเคท्เคŸ्เคฐों) เค•ो เคกॉเคฒเคฐ เคชเคฐ เคจिเคฐ्เคญเคฐเคคा เค•เคฎ เค•เคฐเคจे เค•े เคฒिเค เคช्เคฐेเคฐिเคค เค•िเคฏा เคนै।

  • เคช्เคฐเคฏाเคธों เคฎें เคถाเคฎिเคฒ เคนैं: เคช्เคฐเคค्เคฏเค•्เคท เคฎुเคฆ्เคฐा เคตिเคจिเคฎเคฏ เคต्เคฏเคตเคธ्เคฅाเคँ (เคœैเคธे เคฏुเค†เคจ-เคฐुเคชเคฏा, เคฐुเคชเคฏा-เคฐूเคฌเคฒ) เค”เคฐ เค•्เคทेเคค्เคฐीเคฏ เคตिเค•เคฒ्เคช เคœैเคธे เค…เคซ्เคฐीเค•ी “เคˆเค•ो” เคฎुเคฆ्เคฐा।

๐Ÿ› เคฌเคนुเคง्เคฐुเคตीเคฏ เคฎुเคฆ्เคฐा เคธंเคฐเคšเคจा เค•ी เค“เคฐ

  • เค…เคฌ เค•िเคธी เคเค• เคฎुเคฆ्เคฐा เค•े เคช्เคฐเคญुเคค्เคต เค•ी เคฌเคœाเคฏ, เคนเคฎ เคฌเคนुเคง्เคฐुเคตीเคฏ เคฎुเคฆ्เคฐा เคต्เคฏเคตเคธ्เคฅा เค•ी เค“เคฐ เคฌเคข़ เคฐเคนे เคนैं—เคœเคนाँ เคกॉเคฒเคฐ “เคธเคฎाเคจों เคฎें เคช्เคฐเคฅเคฎ” เคฌเคจा เคฐเคนेเค—ा, เคฒेเค•िเคจ เค…เคจ्เคฏ เคฎुเคฆ्เคฐाเค“ं เค•े เคธाเคฅ เคธเคน-เค…เคธ्เคคिเคค्เคต เคฎें เคฐเคนेเค—ा เคœिเคจ्เคนें เคธंเคธ्เคฅाเค—เคค, เคคเค•เคจीเค•ी เค”เคฐ เคจेเคŸเคตเคฐ्เค• เคธเคฎเคฐ्เคฅเคจ เคช्เคฐाเคช्เคค เคนै।

๐Ÿšง เค…เคค्เคฏเคงिเค• เคถเค•्เคคि เค‰เคชเคฏोเค— เคธे เคกॉเคฒเคฐ เค•ी เคธ्เคฅिเคคि เค•เคฎเคœोเคฐ

  • เคกॉเคฒเคฐ เค•ो เคเค• เคญू-เคฐाเคœเคจीเคคिเค• เคนเคฅिเคฏाเคฐ เค•े เคฐूเคช เคฎें เค…เคคि-เคช्เคฐเคฏोเค— เค•เคฐเคจा (เคœैเคธे เคธंเคช्เคฐเคญु เคญंเคกाเคฐों เคชเคฐ เคช्เคฐเคคिเคฌंเคง เคฒเค—ाเคจा) เค‡เคธเค•ी เคฆीเคฐ्เค˜เค•ाเคฒिเค• เคตिเคถ्เคตเคธเคจीเคฏเคคा เค•ो เคจुเค•เคธाเคจ เคชเคนुँเคšा เคธเค•เคคा เคนै। เค…เคฌ เคช्เคฐเคคिเคธ्เคชเคฐ्เคงा เคฌเคข़ เคฐเคนी เคนै—เคธोเคจे, เคฏुเค†เคจ, เค•्เคทेเคค्เคฐीเคฏ เคตिเคจिเคฎเคฏ เคช्เคฐเคฃाเคฒिเคฏों, IMF เค•े SDRs, เค”เคฐ เคธंเคญाเคตिเคค Afro-BRICS เคฎुเคฆ्เคฐा เค•े เคฐूเคช เคฎें।

๐Ÿงฉ เค˜เคฐेเคฒू เคจीเคคिเคฏों เค”เคฐ เคตैเคถ्เคตिเค• เคœिเคฎ्เคฎेเคฆाเคฐिเคฏों เค•े เคฌीเคš เคคเคจाเคต

  • เคฒेเค– เคŸ्เคฐिเคซ़िเคจ เคฆुเคตिเคงा (Triffin Dilemma) เค•ा เคœ़िเค•्เคฐ เค•เคฐเคคा เคนै: เคตैเคถ्เคตिเค• เคฎांเค— เค•ो เคชूเคฐा เค•เคฐเคจे เค•े เคฒिเค เค…เคฎेเคฐिเค•ा เค•ो เคต्เคฏाเคชाเคฐ เค˜ाเคŸा เคฌเคจाเค เคฐเค–เคจा เคนोเคคा เคนै—เคฒेเค•िเคจ เคฏเคนी เคคเคฐीเค•ा เค˜เคฐेเคฒू เค†เคฐ्เคฅिเค• เค•เคฎเคœोเคฐिเคฏों เค•ो เคฌเคข़ाเคคा เคนै เค”เคฐ เคกॉเคฒเคฐ เค•ी เคธ्เคฅिเคฐเคคा เค•ो เค–เคคเคฐे เคฎें เคกाเคฒเคคा เคนै।


๐Ÿ“‰ เคจिเคท्เค•เคฐ्เคท

  • เคฆुเคจिเคฏा เคเค• เคธंเคฐเคšเคจाเคค्เคฎเค• เคฌเคฆเคฒाเคต เคธे เค—ुเคœเคฐ เคฐเคนी เคนै เคœिเคธเคฎें เคตैเคถ्เคตिเค• เคฎौเคฆ्เคฐिเค• เคต्เคฏเคตเคธ्เคฅा เคฌเคนुเคง्เคฐुเคตीเคฏ เคฌเคจ เคฐเคนी เคนै। เคนाเคฒांเค•ि เคกॉเคฒเคฐ เค…เคญी เคญी เคช्เคฐเคฎुเค– เคฎुเคฆ्เคฐा เคนै, เคฏเคน เค•เคˆ เคšुเคจौเคคिเคฏों เค•ा เคธाเคฎเคจा เค•เคฐ เคฐเคนा เคนै—เคœैเคธे เค…เคฎेเคฐिเค•ी เคจीเคคिเคฏों เค•ी เคช्เคฐเคคिเค•्เคฐिเคฏा เคธ्เคตเคฐूเคช เคฌเคข़เคคे เค…เคตिเคถ्เคตाเคธ เค”เคฐ เคธเคฎเคจ्เคตिเคค เคตिเค•เคฒ्เคชों เค•ा เค‰เคญเคฐเคจा।

  • เคšेเคคाเคตเคจी เคฏเคน เคนै: เคฏเคฆि เคตॉเคถिंเค—เคŸเคจ เค–ुเคฆ เค•ो เค…เคจुเค•ूเคฒिเคค เคจเคนीं เค•เคฐเคคा—เคฐाเคœเค•ोเคทीเคฏ เคธुเคงाเคฐ เคจเคนीं เค•เคฐเคคा, เคตिเคค्เคคीเคฏ เคฆเคฌाเคต เค•ो เคธीเคฎिเคค เคจเคนीं เค•เคฐเคคा เค”เคฐ เค…เคงिเค• เคธเคฎाเคตेเคถी เคฎौเคฆ्เคฐिเค• เคถाเคธเคจ เค•ो เคจเคนीं เค…เคชเคจाเคคा—เคคो เคตเคน เค•ेเคตเคฒ เคกॉเคฒเคฐ เค•ा เคช्เคฐเคญाเคต เคนी เคจเคนीं, เคฌเคฒ्เค•ि เค…เคชเคจी เคตैเคถ्เคตिเค• เคฐाเคœเคจीเคคिเค• เคคाเค•เคค เคญी เค–ो เคธเค•เคคा เคนै।





The Triffin Dilemma is a paradox in international economics that arises when a country’s national currency also serves as the world’s reserve currency—like the U.S. dollar does today.


๐Ÿ” Simple Explanation:

To fulfill global demand for dollars—for trade, investment, and as a reserve currency—the U.S. must export dollars to the rest of the world.

But how does it do that?

By importing more than it exports, i.e., running trade deficits. This sends dollars abroad and satisfies global demand.

However, this same process creates a problem at home:

  • Constant trade deficits mean U.S. industries may weaken.

  • The national debt grows due to higher borrowing.

  • Eventually, global trust in the stability of the dollar may decline.

This is the Triffin Dilemma:

What the world needs (more dollars through U.S. trade deficits) is at odds with what the U.S. economy needs (fiscal balance, currency stability).


๐Ÿ” Summary:

Global Need U.S. Domestic Need The Dilemma
More dollars (liquidity) Balanced budgets, strong exports Trade deficits help the world, but hurt the U.S. long-term

๐Ÿ“‰ Why It Matters Today:

  • As more countries diversify away from the dollar (de-dollarization), the strain of this dilemma is increasing.

  • The U.S. faces a tipping point: either reform its economic model or risk losing the dollar’s supremacy.


เคŸ्เคฐिเคซ़िเคจ เคฆुเคตिเคงा (Triffin Dilemma) เค…ंเคคเคฐเคฐाเคท्เคŸ्เคฐीเคฏ เค…เคฐ्เคฅเคถाเคธ्เคค्เคฐ เคฎें เคเค• เคเคธा เคตिเคฐोเคงाเคญाเคธ เคนै เคœो เคคเคฌ เค‰เคค्เคชเคจ्เคจ เคนोเคคा เคนै เคœเคฌ เค•िเคธी เคฆेเคถ เค•ी เคฎुเคฆ्เคฐा—เคœैเคธे เค•ि เค…เคฎेเคฐिเค•ी เคกॉเคฒเคฐ—เคฆुเคจिเคฏा เค•ी เคช्เคฐเคฎुเค– เคฐिเคœ़เคฐ्เคต เคฎुเคฆ्เคฐा เคนोเคคी เคนै।


๐Ÿ” เคธเคฐเคฒ เคต्เคฏाเค–्เคฏा:

เคฆुเคจिเคฏा เคญเคฐ เคฎें เคต्เคฏाเคชाเคฐ, เคจिเคตेเคถ เค”เคฐ เคตिเคฆेเคถी เคฎुเคฆ्เคฐा เคญंเคกाเคฐ เค•े เคฒिเค เคกॉเคฒเคฐ เค•ी เคฎांเค— เคฌเคจी เคฐเคนเคคी เคนै
เค‡เคธ เคฎांเค— เค•ो เคชूเคฐा เค•เคฐเคจे เค•े เคฒिเค เค…เคฎेเคฐिเค•ा เค•ो เคฆुเคจिเคฏा เคฎें เคกॉเคฒเคฐ เคญेเคœเคจे เคชเคก़เคคे เคนैं

เคฏเคน เค…เคฎेเคฐिเค•ा เค•ैเคธे เค•เคฐเคคा เคนै?

เค…เคฎेเคฐिเค•ा เค•ो เค…เคงिเค• เค†เคฏाเคค เค”เคฐ เค•เคฎ เคจिเคฐ्เคฏाเคค เค•เคฐเคจा เคชเคก़เคคा เคนै, เคฏाเคจी เคต्เคฏाเคชाเคฐ เค˜ाเคŸा (Trade Deficit) เคฌเคจाเค เคฐเค–เคจा เคชเคก़เคคा เคนै।
เคœเคฌ เค…เคฎेเคฐिเค•ा เคœ़्เคฏाเคฆा เค†เคฏाเคค เค•เคฐเคคा เคนै, เคคो เคตเคน เคฌाเค•ी เคฆुเคจिเคฏा เค•ो เคกॉเคฒเคฐ เคฆेเคคा เคนै—เค‡เคธเคธे เคตैเคถ्เคตिเค• เคฎांเค— เคชूเคฐी เคนोเคคी เคนै।

เคฒेเค•िเคจ เคฏเคนीं เคธเคฎเคธ्เคฏा เคถुเคฐू เคนोเคคी เคนै:

  • เคฒเค—ाเคคाเคฐ เคต्เคฏाเคชाเคฐ เค˜ाเคŸे เคธे เค…เคฎेเคฐिเค•ी เค‰เคฆ्เคฏोเค— เค•เคฎเคœोเคฐ เคนो เคธเค•เคคे เคนैं।

  • เคฐाเคท्เคŸ्เคฐीเคฏ เค‹เคฃ (National Debt) เคฌเคข़เคคा เคนै।

  • เค”เคฐ เค…ंเคคเคคः, เคกॉเคฒเคฐ เค•ी เคธ्เคฅिเคฐเคคा เคชเคฐ เคตिเคถ्เคตाเคธ เค•เคฎ เคนो เคธเค•เคคा เคนै।

เค‡เคธी เค•ो เค•เคนเคคे เคนैं เคŸ्เคฐिเคซ़िเคจ เคฆुเคตिเคงा:

เคœो เคฆुเคจिเคฏा เคšाเคนเคคी เคนै (เค…เคงिเค• เคกॉเคฒเคฐ เค”เคฐ เคต्เคฏाเคชाเคฐ เค˜ाเคŸा), เคตเคน เค…เคฎेเคฐिเค•ा เค•ी เค†ंเคคเคฐिเค• เค†เคฐ्เคฅिเค• เคฎเคœเคฌूเคคी เค•े เคตिเคฐुเคฆ्เคง เคœाเคคा เคนै।


๐Ÿ” เคธाเคฐांเคถ เคคाเคฒिเค•ा:

๐ŸŒ เคตैเคถ्เคตिเค• เค†เคตเคถ्เคฏเค•เคคा ๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ธ เค…เคฎेเคฐिเค•ा เค•ी เค˜เคฐेเคฒू เค†เคตเคถ्เคฏเค•เคคा ⚠️ เคฆुเคตिเคงा
เค…เคงिเค• เคกॉเคฒเคฐ (เคคเคฐเคฒเคคा) เคธंเคคुเคฒिเคค เคฌเคœเคŸ, เคฎเคœเคฌूเคค เคจिเคฐ्เคฏाเคค เคต्เคฏाเคชाเคฐ เค˜ाเคŸा เคฆुเคจिเคฏा เค•ी เคฎเคฆเคฆ เค•เคฐเคคा เคนै, เคชเคฐ เค…เคฎेเคฐिเค•ा เค•ो เค•เคฎเคœोเคฐ เค•เคฐเคคा เคนै

๐Ÿ“‰ เค†เคœ เค•े เคธंเคฆเคฐ्เคญ เคฎें เคฎเคนเคค्เคต:

  • เคœैเคธे-เคœैเคธे เค…เคจ्เคฏ เคฆेเคถ เคกॉเคฒเคฐ เคชเคฐ เคจिเคฐ्เคญเคฐเคคा เค•เคฎ เค•เคฐ เคฐเคนे เคนैं (De-Dollarization), เคฏเคน เคฆुเคตिเคงा เค”เคฐ เค—เคนเคฐी เคนोเคคी เคœा เคฐเคนी เคนै।

  • เค…เคฎेเคฐिเค•ा เค•ो เค…เคฌ เคตिเค•เคฒ्เคช เคšुเคจเคจा เคนोเค—ा:

    • เคฏा เคคो เค…เคชเคจी เค†เคฐ्เคฅिเค• เคจीเคคि เคฎें เคธुเคงाเคฐ เค•เคฐे,

    • เคฏा เคซिเคฐ เคกॉเคฒเคฐ เค•ी เคตैเคถ्เคตिเค• เคธ्เคฅिเคคि เค–ोเคจे เค•ा เคœोเค–िเคฎ เค‰เค ाเค।



It is absolutely in the U.S.'s strategic interest to help convene a new Bretton Woods‐style reordering of global trade and finance. When done thoughtfully, such a foundational reform can align global demand for dollars with America's long-term fiscal and currency stability. Here’s how:


๐Ÿ— Why the U.S. Should Lead a New Bretton Woods Moment

1. Addressing Global Imbalances & the Triffin Dilemma

  • In the original system, the U.S. had to run perpetual trade deficits to supply the world with dollars—resolving global liquidity needs at the cost of domestic fiscal strain (Wikipedia).

  • A redesigned system could decouple global reserve provision from U.S. trade deficits through shared institutions, coordinated currency mechanisms, or enhanced use of IMF Special Drawing Rights (SDRs)—reducing pressure on the U.S. economy.

2. Embedding Values: Justice, Sustainability, and Inclusivity

  • Rethinking Trade: A Blueprint for a Just and Thriving Global Economy argues for redesigning trade rules around labor rights, environmental justice, and equitable growth instead of extraction, dominance, and short‑term efficiency (Amazon).

  • This aligns with recent U.S. trade policy shifts toward worker-centered, sustainable frameworks seen in administrations today (Financial Times).

3. Reforming Bretton Woods Institutions for Legitimacy & Effectiveness

  • Calls for reforming the IMF and World Bank are gaining momentum—centering on governance overhaul to give emerging economies fair voting power, expand SDR allocations, and sharpen focus on macroeconomic stability over non-core issues (The Guardian).

  • A U.S.-led restructuring can restore institutional legitimacy while ensuring these bodies support broader global stability rather than perpetuating unequal hierarchies (Atlantic Council).

4. Managing Geopolitical Change with Multilateral Cooperation

  • U.S. policymakers like Janet Yellen, Katherine Tai, and Jake Sullivan have invoked the spirit of Bretton Woods to justify inclusive multilateral architecture that addresses geopolitical fragmentation, climate risk, and AI governance—while preserving U.S. leadership (Carnegie Endowment).

  • A new framework could buffer economic nationalism and systemic shocks by embedding a broader coalition of “like‑minded” economies around shared norms and mutual accountability (Carnegie Endowment, Institute for New Economic Thinking).


๐Ÿ” How Rethinking Trade Fits In

The Rethinking Trade blueprint advocates fundamentally remaking trade governance to prioritize justice and shared prosperity:

  • Its core vision extends beyond tweaking existing treaties—arguing for structural transformation of international trade—from tariff frameworks to currency coordination, supply-chain fairness, and local empowerment (Amazon).

  • These ideas parallel Sime Miran’s proposals under the Trump‑era “Mar‑a‑Lago Accord” and broader reform programs that link trade rules with national security, industrial policy, and exchange‑rate adjustment (sprott.carleton.ca).

  • When integrated into the governance reforms of Bretton Woods institutions (like rebalancing IMF voting weight, universal SDR access), the blueprint becomes part of a coherent, equitable global order.


⚠️ Risks and Challenges

  • Historical experience shows that reforming monetary and trade architecture is hard—requiring trust, credibility, and shared strategic purpose. The original Bretton Woods flourished in a U.S.-led postwar consensus; today’s geopolitical fragmentation complicates similar coordination (American Affairs Journal, Carnegie Endowment).

  • There are competing visions: some actors see Bretton Woods as a legacy of inequality and seek fundamentally new institutions rather than reform (Carnegie Endowment).

  • The "Mar‑a‑Lago Accord" model faces skepticism: critics warn that aggressive nationalistic realignment could destabilize alliances and undermine multilateralism (Wikipedia, El Paรญs).


✅ Bottom Line

Goal Why U.S. Should Lead a New Bretton Woods Moment
Serve global dollar demand Reduce need for U.S. trade deficits; mitigate Triffin Dilemma
Promote fairness and sustainability Embed labor, climate, and equity standards in trade rules
Modernize institutions Reform IMF/World Bank for legitimacy, SDR use, and governance parity
Manage geopolitical change Establish rules-based multilateralism addressing modern shocks

Leading such a renewal would allow the U.S. to redefine globalization in a way that balances global liquidity with domestic fiscal health, protects the dollar’s role, and promotes a more stable, equitable, and sustainable global economy.





เคฏเคน เค…เคฎेเคฐिเค•ा เค•े เคฆीเคฐ्เค˜เค•ाเคฒिเค• เคนिเคค เคฎें เคนै เค•ि เคตเคน เคเค• เคจเค เคฌ्เคฐेเคŸเคจ เคตुเคก्เคธ (Bretton Woods) เคœैเคธे เคธเคฎ्เคฎेเคฒเคจ เค•ी เค…เค—ुเคตाเคˆ เค•เคฐे เค”เคฐ เคตैเคถ्เคตिเค• เคต्เคฏाเคชाเคฐ เคช्เคฐเคฃाเคฒी เค•ी เคฌुเคจिเคฏाเคฆी เคชुเคจเคฐ्เคฐเคšเคจा เคฎें เคจेเคคृเคค्เคต เค•เคฐे। เคฏเคฆि เคฏเคน เค•ाเคฎ เคธเคฎเคเคฆाเคฐी เคธे เค•िเคฏा เคœाเค, เคคो เคฏเคน เค…เคฎेเคฐिเค•ा เค•ी เคฎुเคฆ्เคฐा เคธ्เคฅिเคฐเคคा เค”เคฐ เคตिเคค्เคคीเคฏ เคธ्เคตाเคธ्เคฅ्เคฏ เค•ो เคตैเคถ्เคตिเค• เค†เคตเคถ्เคฏเค•เคคाเค“ं เค•े เคธाเคฅ เคธंเคคुเคฒिเคค เค•เคฐ เคธเค•เคคा เคนै। เคจीเคšे เค‡เคธเค•ा เคตिเคถ्เคฒेเคทเคฃ เคช्เคฐเคธ्เคคुเคค เคนै:


๐Ÿ— เค…เคฎेเคฐिเค•ा เค•ो เคเค• เคจเคฏा เคฌ्เคฐेเคŸเคจ เคตुเคก्เคธ เคธเคฎ्เคฎेเคฒเคจ เค•्เคฏों เค†เคฏोเคœिเคค เค•เคฐเคจा เคšाเคนिเค?

1. เคตैเคถ्เคตिเค• เค…เคธंเคคुเคฒเคจों เค”เคฐ เคŸ्เคฐिเคซ़िเคจ เคฆुเคตिเคงा เค•ा เคธเคฎाเคงाเคจ

  • เคฎौเคœूเคฆा เคต्เคฏเคตเคธ्เคฅा เคฎें เคฆुเคจिเคฏा เคญเคฐ เค•ो เคกॉเคฒเคฐ เค•ी เคœ़เคฐूเคฐเคค เคนोเคคी เคนै, เค”เคฐ เค‡เคธे เคชूเคฐा เค•เคฐเคจे เค•े เคฒिเค เค…เคฎेเคฐिเค•ा เค•ो เคฒเค—ाเคคाเคฐ เคต्เคฏाเคชाเคฐ เค˜ाเคŸा เคšเคฒाเคจा เคชเคก़เคคा เคนै।

  • เคฏเคน เค˜เคฐेเคฒू เคฐूเคช เคธे เค‹เคฃ เค”เคฐ เคฎुเคฆ्เคฐाเคธ्เคซीเคคि เค•ो เคฌเคข़ाเคคा เคนै।

  • เคเค• เคจเคฏा เคธिเคธ्เคŸเคฎ IMF เค•े SDRs เคฏा เคธाเคा เคฎुเคฆ्เคฐाเค“ं เคœैเคธी เคต्เคฏเคตเคธ्เคฅाเค“ं เค•े เคœ़เคฐिเค เคตैเคถ्เคตिเค• เคคเคฐเคฒเคคा เคธुเคจिเคถ्เคšिเคค เค•เคฐ เคธเค•เคคा เคนै, เคœिเคธเคธे เค…เคฎेเคฐिเค•ा เคชเคฐ เคเค•เคฎाเคค्เคฐ เคญाเคฐ เค•เคฎ เคนोเค—ा।

2. เคฎूเคฒ्เคฏों เค•ो เค•ेंเคฆ्เคฐ เคฎें เคฒाเคจा: เคจ्เคฏाเคฏ, เคธ्เคฅिเคฐเคคा เค”เคฐ เคธเคฎाเคตेเคถिเคคा

  • Rethinking Trade เคจाเคฎเค• เคชुเคธ्เคคเค• เคเค• เคเคธे เคต्เคฏाเคชाเคฐ เคฎॉเคกเคฒ เค•ी เคตเค•ाเคฒเคค เค•เคฐเคคी เคนै เคœो เคถ्เคฐเคฎ เค…เคงिเค•ाเคฐों, เคชเคฐ्เคฏाเคตเคฐเคฃीเคฏ เคจ्เคฏाเคฏ เค”เคฐ เคธเคฎाเคจ เคตिเค•ाเคธ เค•ो เคช्เคฐाเคฅเคฎिเค•เคคा เคฆे।

  • เคฏเคน เค…เคฎेเคฐिเค•ा เค•ी เคนाเคฒिเคฏा “worker-centered trade policy” เค•े เคธाเคฅ เคฎेเคฒ เค–ाเคคी เคนै।

3. เคฌ्เคฐेเคŸเคจ เคตुเคก्เคธ เคธंเคธ्เคฅाเคจों เคฎें เคธुเคงाเคฐ

  • IMF เค”เคฐ เคตिเคถ्เคต เคฌैंเค• เคœैเคธी เคธंเคธ्เคฅाเค“ं เคฎें เค…เคฌ เคธुเคงाเคฐ เค•ी เคฎाँเค— เคฌเคข़ เคฐเคนी เคนै—เคœैเคธे เคตिเค•ाเคธเคถीเคฒ เคฆेเคถों เค•ो เค…เคงिเค• เคตोเคŸिंเค— เค…เคงिเค•ाเคฐ, SDR เค•ा เคตिเคธ्เคคाเคฐ, เค”เคฐ เค‹เคฃ เค•ी เค…เคงिเค• เคจ्เคฏाเคฏเคชूเคฐ्เคฃ เคถเคฐ्เคคें।

  • เค…เคฎेเคฐिเค•ा เค‡เคธ เคธुเคงाเคฐ เค•ी เค…เค—ुเคตाเคˆ เค•เคฐเค•े เค…เคชเคจी เคจेเคคृเคค्เคต เค•ी เคตैเคงเคคा เคซिเคฐ เคธे เคธ्เคฅाเคชिเคค เค•เคฐ เคธเค•เคคा เคนै เค”เคฐ เค‡เคจ เคธंเคธ्เคฅाเค“ं เค•ो 21เคตीं เคธเคฆी เค•े เค…เคจुเค•ूเคฒ เคฌเคจा เคธเค•เคคा เคนै।

4. เคญू-เคฐाเคœเคจीเคคिเค• เค…เคธ्เคฅिเคฐเคคा เค•े เคฏुเค— เคฎें เคฌเคนुเคชเค•्เคทीเคฏ เคธเคนเคฏोเค— เค•ी เค†เคตเคถ्เคฏเค•เคคा

  • เคฌ्เคฐेเคŸเคจ เคตुเคก्เคธ เค•ी “เค†เคค्เคฎा” เค•ो เค†เคงुเคจिเค• เคธंเคฆเคฐ्เคญों เคฎें เคฒाเค•เคฐ เค…เคฎेเคฐिเค•ा AI, เคœเคฒเคตाเคฏु เคธंเค•เคŸ, เค”เคฐ เคตिเคค्เคคीเคฏ เคตिเค–ंเคกเคจ เคœैเคธे เคฎुเคฆ्เคฆों เค•ा เคธเคฎाเคงाเคจ เค•เคฐเคจे เคฎें เคธเคนเคฏोเค—ी เค—เค เคฌंเคงเคจ เคฌเคจा เคธเค•เคคा เคนै।


๐Ÿ” Rethinking Trade เคชुเคธ्เคคเค• เค•ी เคช्เคฐाเคธंเค—िเค•เคคा

  • เคฏเคน เคชुเคธ्เคคเค• เค•ेเคตเคฒ เคธเคฎเคौเคคों เคฎें เคธंเคถोเคงเคจ เค•ी เคฌाเคค เคจเคนीं เค•เคฐเคคी, เคฌเคฒ्เค•ि เคชूเคฐी เคต्เคฏाเคชाเคฐिเค• เคช्เคฐเคฃाเคฒी เค•ो เคชुเคจเคฐ्เคตिเคšाเคฐिเคค เค•เคฐเคจे เค•ी เค†เคตเคถ्เคฏเค•เคคा เค•ो เคธाเคฎเคจे เคฐเค–เคคी เคนै।

  • เค‡เคธเค•े เคฆृเคท्เคŸिเค•ोเคฃ เคฎें เคฎुเคฆ्เคฐा เคธเคฎเคจ्เคตเคฏ, เคจिเคท्เคชเค•्เคท เค†เคชूเคฐ्เคคि เคถ्เคฐृंเค–เคฒा, เค”เคฐ เคธ्เคฅाเคจीเคฏ เคธเคถเค•्เคคिเค•เคฐเคฃ เคœैเคธे เคฌिंเคฆु เคถाเคฎिเคฒ เคนैं।

  • เคœเคฌ เค‡เคธे IMF เค”เคฐ เค…เคจ्เคฏ เคธंเคธ्เคฅाเคจों เค•े เคธुเคงाเคฐों เค•े เคธाเคฅ เคœोเคก़ा เคœाเคคा เคนै, เคคो เคฏเคน เคเค• เคธเคฎाเคตेเคถी เคตैเคถ्เคตिเค• เคต्เคฏเคตเคธ्เคฅा เค•ा เค–ाเค•ा เคฌเคจ เคœाเคคा เคนै।


⚠️ เคšुเคจौเคคिเคฏाँ

  • เค‡เคธ เคคเคฐเคน เค•ा เคฎौเคฒिเค• เคชुเคจเคฐ्เค—เค เคจ เคฌเคนुเคค เค•เค िเคจ เคนोเคคा เคนै—เค‡เคธเค•े เคฒिเค เคตिเคถ्เคตाเคธ, เคธเคนเคฏोเค— เค”เคฐ เคฐเคฃเคจीเคคिเค• เคเค•เคคा เค•ी เคœ़เคฐूเคฐเคค เคนोเคคी เคนै।

  • เค•ुเค› เคฆेเคถ เคฌ्เคฐेเคŸเคจ เคตुเคก्เคธ เค•ो เคเค• เค”เคชเคจिเคตेเคถिเค• เค…เคตเคถेเคท เคฎाเคจเคคे เคนैं เค”เคฐ เคชूเคฐी เคคเคฐเคน เคจเคˆ เคธंเคธ्เคฅाเค“ं เค•ी เคฎाँเค— เค•เคฐเคคे เคนैं।

  • เค…เคฎेเคฐिเค•ा เค•े เคญीเคคเคฐ เคธे เคญी "เคฐाเคท्เคŸ्เคฐीเคฏ เคนिเคค เคชเคนเคฒे" เคตाเคฒी เคธोเคš เค‡เคธ เคธเคนเคฏोเค— เค•ो เค•เค िเคจ เคฌเคจा เคธเค•เคคी เคนै।


✅ เคจिเคท्เค•เคฐ्เคท: เค…เคฎेเคฐिเค•ा เค•ो เคจेเคคृเคค्เคต เค•्เคฏों เค•เคฐเคจा เคšाเคนिเค?

เคฒเค•्เคท्เคฏ เคจเคฏा เคฌ्เคฐेเคŸเคจ เคตुเคก्เคธ เค•्เคฏों?
เคตैเคถ्เคตिเค• เคกॉเคฒเคฐ เคฎांเค— เค•ो เคชूเคฐा เค•เคฐเคจा เคต्เคฏाเคชाเคฐ เค˜ाเคŸे เค•ी เค†เคตเคถ्เคฏเค•เคคा เค•เคฎ เคนोเค—ी, เคŸ्เคฐिเคซिเคจ เคฆुเคตिเคงा เค•ा เคธเคฎाเคงाเคจ
เคจ्เคฏाเคฏเคชूเคฐ्เคฃ เคตैเคถ्เคตिเค• เคต्เคฏाเคชाเคฐ เคถ्เคฐเคฎ, เคชเคฐ्เคฏाเคตเคฐเคฃ เค”เคฐ เคธเคฎाเคจเคคा เค•े เคฎूเคฒ्เคฏों เค•ो เคต्เคฏाเคชाเคฐ เคฎें เคถाเคฎिเคฒ เค•เคฐเคจा
เคธंเคธ्เคฅाเค“ं เค•ा เค†เคงुเคจिเค•ीเค•เคฐเคฃ IMF/เคตिเคถ्เคต เคฌैंเค• เคฎें เคธुเคงाเคฐ เค”เคฐ เค…เคงिเค• เคช्เคฐเคคिเคจिเคงिเคค्เคต
เคญू-เคฐाเคœเคจीเคคिเค• เคธ्เคฅिเคฐเคคा เคฌเคนुเคชเค•्เคทीเคฏ เคธเคนเคฏोเค— เคฆ्เคตाเคฐा เคจเคˆ เคตैเคถ्เคตिเค• เคต्เคฏเคตเคธ्เคฅा เค•ा เคจिเคฐ्เคฎाเคฃ

เคเค• เคจเคฏा เคฌ्เคฐेเคŸเคจ เคตुเคก्เคธ เค…เคฎेเคฐिเค•ा เค•ो เคฏเคน เคฎौเค•ा เคฆेเค—ा เค•ि เคตเคน เคตैเคถ्เคตिเค• เค†เคฐ्เคฅिเค• เคต्เคฏเคตเคธ्เคฅा เค•ो เคจ्เคฏाเคฏเคชूเคฐ्เคฃ, เคธ्เคฅाเคฏी เค”เคฐ เคธเคฎाเคตेเคถी เคฆिเคถा เคฎें เคชुเคจเคฐ्เคชเคฐिเคญाเคทिเคค เค•เคฐे—เค”เคฐ เคธाเคฅ เคนी เค…เคชเคจी เคฎुเคฆ्เคฐा เค•ी เค•ेंเคฆ्เคฐीเคฏ เคญूเคฎिเค•ा เค”เคฐ เค†เคฐ्เคฅिเค• เคจेเคคृเคค्เคต เค•ो เคธुเคฐเค•्เคทिเคค เคฐเค–े।





De-Dollarization Is Inevitable. The World Isn’t Prepared In late May, yields on U.S. Treasury bonds jumped to their highest level since 2023, after the House of Representatives passed sweeping tax cuts as part of President Donald Trump’s proposed budget. The higher effective interest rate on U.S. government borrowing reflected investors’ concerns over the fiscal impact of the bill, which if passed by the Senate and signed into law would add $3.8 trillion to the federal debt—currently at $36.2 trillion—over the coming decade, according to estimates by the Congressional Budget Office. ....... The convulsions in the U.S. bond market represent more than a momentary financial hiccup. They signal the early tremors of what JPMorgan’s Jamie Dimon called an impending “crack in the bond market” that could set off a potentially catastrophic realignment in the global economic order. As yields on long-term U.S. government debt surge past 5 percent, the international community is beginning to face the uncomfortable reality that the world’s hegemon is galloping toward a sovereign debt crisis with no clear resolution in sight. ............. Unlike previous sovereign debt crises that afflicted peripheral economies or even major European nations, however, the emerging U.S. fiscal crisis threatens the very foundation of the post-Bretton Woods international monetary system. Hanging in the balance are the dollar’s role as the global reserve currency, the Treasury market’s function as the world’s safe haven and the United States’ capacity to serve as the consumer of last resort. The implications extend to every central bank, sovereign wealth fund and international institution that has built its foundations on the assumption of U.S. fiscal stability. .............. The international ramifications of a U.S. fiscal crisis would dwarf any financial contagion witnessed in modern history. U.S. Treasury bonds serve multiple critical functions in the global financial system. They are the primary reserve asset for central banks, the preferred collateral for international transactions and the benchmark “risk-free” rate against which all other assets are priced. Approximately $9 trillion in Treasuries are held by foreign governments and investors, with almost a third of that sum being held by just three countries—Japan, the U.K. and China—alone. .......... A sustained loss of confidence in U.S. fiscal management would trigger a cascade of consequences. Should the price of Treasuries, which moves inversely to yields, fall precipitously, central banks around the world would face massive paper losses on their reserve holdings, potentially destabilizing their own currencies. The global banking system, which relies on Treasuries as high-quality collateral, would experience a severe liquidity crunch. Emerging markets, whose debt is often priced at a premium over U.S. Treasuries, would see borrowing costs skyrocket regardless of their own fiscal prudence. ............

The most troubling aspect of the United States’ fiscal trajectory is the apparent inability of its political system to correct course.

.................... The geopolitical implications are equally profound. A fiscally weakened United States would struggle to maintain its global military commitments, creating power vacuums that rival powers would eagerly fill. The dollar’s weaponization through sanctions—a key tool of U.S. foreign policy—would lose its potency, as countries accelerate efforts to build alternative payment systems. Already, China’s experiments with “digital yuan” cross-border settlements and expansion of bilateral currency swap agreements signal a world preparing for reduced dollar dependence. ............... Predictions of the dollar’s demise have circulated for decades, from the 1970s stagflation crisis through the 2008 global financial crisis. Each time, the dollar emerged stronger, benefiting from what Barry Eichengreen called its “exorbitant privilege”—the U.S. government’s ability to borrow in its own currency at preferential rates while other nations hold dollars as reserves. Critics sounding alarm bells about U.S. fiscal profligacy have consistently been proven wrong. So why should anyone believe this time is different? ............. When earlier predictions of dollar decline were made, U.S. debt-to-GDP ratios were a fraction of today’s levels—under 40 percent in the 1970s and around 65 percent before the 2008 crisis. Currently, that figure sits at 121 percent, or double the 60 percent benchmark widely considered to be fiscally sustainable. .................... More critically, in these earlier periods, the U.S. political system was still capable of bipartisan compromise on fiscal matters. The Social Security reform passed in 1983 and budget agreements negotiated in the 1990s demonstrated that U.S. democracy could still make hard choices when necessary. ............ Today’s political landscape offers no such hope. The hyper-partisanship that has paralyzed Washington shows no signs of abating. Primary systems that punish fiscal moderation and reward fiscal profligacy have created political incentives that virtually guarantee continued deterioration. Meanwhile, technological alternatives to the dollar system that didn’t exist during previous crises are rapidly maturing, from China’s digital yuan trials with trading partners to sophisticated currency swap networks.

Countries seeking to insulate themselves from U.S. financial sanctions are actively building the infrastructure for a post-dollar world.

................... Japan carries a staggering 250 percent debt-to-GDP ratio and is beginning to buckle under the pressure of its crushing debt. European nations, already struggling with high debt levels, now confront the need for dramatic increases in defense spending as U.S. security guarantees become unreliable. Meeting NATO’s target of 2 percent of GDP dedicated to defense spending would require European members to find tens of billions of additional euros annually, at a time when many are already running significant deficits. Worse still, the alliance is now close to agreeing to the Trump administration’s demand that it raise the defense spending target to 5 percent of GDP. Even China is grappling with a local government debt crisis and a property sector meltdown that threatens its financial stability. When everyone is fiscally stretched, the coordination needed to manage a crisis becomes nearly impossible. ........... The feedback loop now threatening to take hold follows a familiar pattern from previous sovereign debt crises elsewhere in the world, albeit at an unprecedented scale. As markets lose confidence in a country’s fiscal sustainability, they demand higher yields to compensate for the greater risk they are taking in buying sovereign debt. These higher borrowing costs worsen the nation’s fiscal position, further eroding investor confidence and driving yields higher still.

In emerging markets, this spiral typically ends with intervention by the International Monetary Fund and painful structural adjustment. For the world’s largest economy and reserve currency issuer, no such external stabilizer exists.

......................... The Social Security pension program’s trust fund will run dry in 2033, after which benefit cuts of approximately 20 percent—considered the “third rail” of U.S. politics—automatically kick in. The Medicare low-income health insurance program confronts similar pressures three years thereafter, in 2036. Added to this is the fact that, when these crises hit, the U.S. can expect to be spending around $2 trillion annually on interest payments alone at current projections. .............. the U.S. now relies on immigration as the primary driver of population growth. However,

amid U.S. political dysfunction, societal polarization and the Trump administration’s overtly xenophobic policies, the country is likely to be increasingly unattractive to potential immigrants, meaning it will be severing this demographic lifeline just when it’s needed most. Should immigration continue to decline, the entitlement math becomes even more catastrophic.

................... While the entitlement crises of 2033-2036 represent structural breaking points, several near-term developments could trigger a crisis much sooner. As evidenced by last month’s tremors, the Treasury market is already showing signs of stress. Weak auctions, in which demand barely covers the debt on offer and yields spike to attract sufficient buyers, have become more frequent. The return of “bond vigilantes,” who sell off their Treasury holdings to register their disapproval of U.S. fiscal policy, could begin forcing yields sharply higher, requiring primary dealers—banks and securities brokers that buy Treasuries directly from the Fed to sell on to individual investors—to absorb an unusually large share. ............ The psychological threshold of 5 percent yields on 10-year Treasuries has already been breached multiple times. Should yields settle above 6 percent—a level last seen in the runup to the 2008 financial crisis—the feedback loop between higher borrowing costs and deteriorating fiscal metrics could quickly become self-reinforcing. ................... Standard & Poor’s already downgraded U.S. debt from its AAA rating back in 2011, with Fitch following suit in 2023. Moody’s completed the trifecta last month, stripping the U.S. of its last AAA rating. With all three major agencies now rating U.S. debt below perfect, forced selling by institutions mandated to own only AAA-rated securities, such as pension funds and public employee unions, has already begun. ...........

U.S. sovereign risk is now comparable to countries with BBB+ ratings like Italy and Greece

, a striking disconnect from official ratings that reveals how markets truly assess U.S. fiscal sustainability. ................ The most troubling aspect of the United States’ fiscal trajectory is the apparent inability of its political system to correct course. Any serious fiscal consolidation would require both significant tax increases and entitlement reform, a combination that has become politically radioactive. The last serious attempt at such a fiscal grand bargain came in 2011, during the administration of then-President Barack Obama, and it failed. Since then, both parties have retreated to their respective corners, with Republicans refusing to countenance tax increases and Democrats protecting entitlement programs from any meaningful reform. ............ The world’s economic architecture remains anchored to a hegemon that lacks the political capacity for fiscal self-correction. This recognition should prompt urgent consideration of how to manage an orderly transition away from dollar dependence rather than awaiting an inevitable and chaotic collapse. .............. In the face of these daunting fiscal realities, many market participants cling to scenarios that might avert catastrophe. Chief among these is the hope for a tech-driven productivity boom that could generate enough growth to outrun the debt spiral. Yet even if artificial intelligence, or AI, delivers on its most optimistic promises, the timeline for such transformation extends well beyond the 2033-2036 entitlement crisis window. .......... More troublingly, mounting evidence suggests the AI revolution may itself be a bubble. And even if it does eventually pay dividends, the historical precedents of previous “frontier” technologies—like railroads, automobiles and the dotcom bubble—suggest there will be massive over-investment, with only a few firms surviving into the mature phase of adoption. Should the current AI investment mania collapse, taking trillions of dollars in market capitalization with it, the fiscal crisis would accelerate dramatically just when the economy could least afford another shock............ the notion that the Federal Reserve could simply monetize the debt through unlimited money-printing ignores both the inflationary consequences of doing so and the damage it would do to the dollar’s reserve status. The Bank of Japan’s decades-long experiment with monetary expansion has only been possible because of Japan’s unique economic characteristics—high domestic savings, persistent deflation and current account surpluses—none of which apply to the United States. ............

The choice facing the international community is not whether to end the dollar’s privileged position but whether that end comes through careful preparation or catastrophic crisis.

.............. the pound sterling’s decline from premier reserve currency status took several decades and was managed without systemic collapse. However, that transition benefited from an obvious successor currency in the dollar and a cooperative relationship between the U.K. and U.S. as the declining and rising powers, respectively. Today’s interconnected financial system, the scale of dollar dependence and the absence of a clear alternative all suggest we may not have the luxury of such a gradual, orderly transition. ............. The challenges to de-dollarization remain formidable. Network effects make the dollar’s dominance self-reinforcing—everyone uses dollars because everyone else uses dollars. No alternative currency matches the depth and liquidity of U.S. Treasury markets. The euro suffers from structural flaws exposed during the sovereign debt crisis of the 2010s. The yuan remains hobbled by capital controls and political risk. Yet these very challenges make preparation more urgent, not less. .................. The IMF’s Special Drawing Rights—based on a basket of currencies and used as a unit of account and settlement among its member states—never achieved critical mass since their introduction in 1969, because they offered no advantages over dollars for most transactions. Regional payment systems like the Asian Clearing Union remained marginal because they couldn’t match the dollar’s convenience and acceptability. But multiple factors suggest the next attempts might succeed where others failed. .................. digital currency technology enables instantaneous, low-cost multicurrency transactions that weren’t possible in previous eras. Central bank digital currencies, or CBDCs, could enable efficient settlement systems that reduce reliance on dollar intermediation. China’s digital yuan trials demonstrate the potential for technology to accelerate monetary transformation, particularly as countries seek to insulate themselves from U.S. financial sanctions. A basket-based digital settlement system, perhaps administered by the IMF or a new international institution, could provide stability while reducing single-currency dependence. ........... the sheer scale of countries now seeking alternatives to the dollar creates momentum that didn’t exist before. The BRICS nations, representing 40 percent of the world’s population and over a third of global GDP, are actively developing alternative payment mechanisms. Their New Development Bank, while still small, provides a template for non-dollar development finance. As more countries join these initiatives, network effects could begin working against the dollar rather than for it. ............... the private sector is increasingly hedging against dollar risk. Major commodity traders are experimenting with yuan-denominated contracts. Corporate treasurers are developing multi-currency cash-management systems. All these micro-level adaptations could help accelerate macro-level change when crisis hits by providing a number of alternatives to the status quo. ............ For U.S. allies, this transition presents acute dilemmas. Countries like Japan, South Korea and the European NATO members must balance their security dependence on Washington with the need to protect their economic interests from U.S. fiscal instability. This may require uncomfortable conversations about burden-sharing and the development of regional security arrangements that could fill the vacuum left behind as the U.S. military’s capacity diminishes. With the Trump administration already undermining confidence in Washington’s security commitments, this task becomes all the more urgent. ............. The warning signs of U.S. fiscal instability are multiplying, from debt-ratings downgrades to surging yields on Treasuries. Yet the global financial architecture remains as dollar-dependent as ever, creating a dangerous mismatch between emerging risks and institutional preparedness. ........ Policymakers worldwide must begin not just planning for a post-dollar monetary order but actively constructing one. This doesn’t require abandoning the dollar immediately or indulging in wishful thinking about its demise. Rather, it demands pragmatic preparation for a transition that appears increasingly inevitable. Central banks, which are diversifying their reserves into gold at the fastest pace in decades, should do so even more aggressively. Financial institutions should stress-test for dollar disruption scenarios. International bodies should accelerate work on alternative payment and settlement mechanisms. .......... This transition need not be disorderly. With sufficient foresight and cooperation, the world could evolve toward a more balanced, multipolar monetary system that actually enhances stability. But this requires acknowledging that the current trajectory is unsustainable and that waiting for U.S. political dysfunction to self-correct is a recipe for disaster. ............. The question now is whether the international community will act on this recognition or continue moving toward a preventable catastrophe. The bond market is already beginning to vote with its feet. The rest of the world would be wise to follow suit—not in panic, but in prudent preparation for a new monetary order. .............. Nicholas Creel is an associate professor of business law and ethics at Georgia College & State University.

1: Tariff

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Commentary: Trump isn't 'winning' his trade wars Trump is shackling the US economy and threatening his own political future. His tariffs will inevitably weaken the economy and rattle voters who are already losing faith in Trump's ability to safeguard their prosperity. ....... Trump's supposed "wins" of late include trade deals with South Korea, Japan, Indonesia, and the European Union. Still in the works are deals with Canada, Mexico, and China, the top three US trading partners. Most of the deals announced so far lack specifics and may be more like frameworks for deals that will take months to hammer out. .......... The tariffs are cutting into profits at Ford (F), General Motors (GM), Procter & Gamble (PG), and many other American companies, including some that say they'll have to pass the higher costs on to consumers through higher prices. Shoppers will face renewed inflationary pressures and a slowdown in hiring likely to come from slower growth. .......... Trump tariff defenders argue that economists have been wrong about inflation because it hasn't shown up yet. But that is probably just a matter of timing. Producers and merchants stocked up on imports during the first quarter, knowing the Trump tariffs were coming. They bought a lot less in the second quarter, when many new tariffs were in effect. That is only now beginning to show up in everyday prices. But the early signs show inflation picking up exactly where you'd expect import tariffs to hit. ......... Inflation data for June showed unusual month-to-month increases in the cost of appliances, toys, clothing, and sporting goods. Imports dominate those product sectors, so if you were looking for tariff-related inflation, that's where you'd find it. "Tariffs [are] beginning to rear their ugly head," Oxford Economics explained in a July 15 analysis. "Tariff impacts on the economy are still in the pipeline." ........... The Yale Budget Lab expects

higher tariffs to cost the typical household about $2,100 per year, once importers, suppliers, and consumers have adjusted to higher prices by shifting their business strategies and buying habits. .......... If the government forced every family in the US to cough up an extra $2,100 per year, there would be national outrage and maybe revolt. The tariffs won't work like that. Part of the cost to families will be gradually rising prices, some noticeable, others not. Economists generally think the tariffs will push the annual inflation rate from 2.7% now to the high threes or maybe 4%. It's already up from a low of 2.3% in April. But 4% isn't nearly as painful as the 9% inflation from 2022. ......... Other parts of the cost to families will come from slower economic growth, which in turn will mean lower pay than some workers would otherwise earn and slightly higher unemployment. Tariffs are inefficient, introducing new costs and barriers to trade. That hurts growth. .......... Trump wants Congress to pass legislation to send "tariff rebates" of $600 or more to most taxpayers, drawing the funds from new tariff revenue the Treasury is collecting. Thoughtful voters might ask why Trump is imposing new taxes on one hand, then offering relief from those taxes through a rebate. Wouldn't it be better to do nothing in the first place? ............. Trump's approval rating for his handling of the economy dropped from 42% in February to 37% in July ........ His overall approval rating dropped from 47% when he took office to 37%. ......... Voters chose Trump in the 2024 presidential race in large part because they wanted him to bring prices down and create more opportunity than they experienced during the Biden years. Trump, so far, is doing the opposite. ........ Consumer confidence has mostly fallen since Trump took office, with the University of Michigan sentiment index nearly as low as it was at the moment of peak inflation in 2022. ........

If Trump is winning, then it's ordinary Americans he's winning against.

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Economy is getting worse under Trump’s leadership, Americans say in new poll on eve of his tariff D-Day the president’s tariff agenda is one of the biggest anchors driving down his approval numbers. ........ On the core issue of tariffs, Trump is clearly tanking — despite months of pronouncements from the White House of America’s impending “Golden Age.” ....... Four in ten Americans say that Trump’s tariffs will make the country poorer and stifle economic growth. Just 26 percent believe the White House’s line about economic prosperity coming down the pike. ............ And most alarmingly for the White House, inflation still ranks as the No. 1 issue for voters. That could prove to be dangerous ground for the president as the summer concludes with potentially sharp increases to consumer prices stemming from the president’s reciprocal tariffs. ............ Six in 10 of voters under 30 now say that Trump’s policies are harming the economy, and making them worse off financially. Seven in 10 voters in the same category say that they didn’t believe the president is focused enough on lowering prices for consumers. ........... If Trump is losing ground with the younger voters he peeled off from Democrats in 2024, Republicans are set for trouble in the midterm elections next year. Polling isn’t yet registering significant voter support for the GOP budget reconciliation package, the “big, beautiful bill”, as it’s been overshadowed by the president’s tariffs and mass deportation agenda, among other issues. ......... Another factor driving down Trump’s numbers with younger voters is Jeffrey Epstein. .......... The sudden declaration that the “Epstein Client List”, which Vice President JD Vance and others in the administration pledged to release, supposedly did not exist at all erupted into a wildfire on the MAGA right, particularly among Trump’s younger supporters. .......... more than four in ten, think that Trump and his team have partially or completely lied in their public statements regarding the case. Less than 20 percent of Americans believe them. ............. Immigration has been another issue where the president has lost ground as the White House and Department of Homeland Security have accelerated mass deportation programs under his second term. Images of immigration enforcement raids have caused massive protests in Los Angeles and alarmed many Americans including Trump-supporting independents around the country. ............ Nearly every poll on the Decision Desk HQ Average, with the exception of two surveys conducted by Republican outfits, now shows Trump with popularity ratings in the negative, some by double digits.

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Trump’s new tariffs have no precedent in the modern era In just six months, President Donald Trump has remade global trade and upended a century of precedent. ........ Trump on Thursday announced higher tariffs — again — on just about every country in the world. Even as some countries’ tariff rates came in lower than they had feared, practically all goods coming in to the United States face a significantly higher tax than when Trump took office in January. ........... The new trade regime will put in place the highest tariffs America has imposed since 1933, during the Smoot-Hawley era — a tariff bill that contributed to the deepening of the Great Depression. ....... there’s already some evidence Trump’s tariffs are — slowly — reigniting inflation and slowing the US economy. ......... That danger is why leaders of developed countries for decades have largely lowered tariff rates and welcomed globalization — actions that have fueled the services economy backed by Big Tech and finance, but have also contributed to the offshoring of factories and manufacturing jobs. ......... Last year, imports to the United States faced an effective tariff rate of 1.2%, a low tax that has fallen over the course of many decades. Declining tariffs in part persuaded US companies to make their products in foreign countries where labor costs were cheaper — and then ship those goods back into the United States while facing a relatively minuscule tax penalty for doing so. ......... Apple on Thursday said it paid $800 million in tariffs last quarter and expects to pay $1.1 billion this quarter. Automakers, including GM, Stellantis and Volkswagen, also reported tariff costs of over $1 billion over the past quarter. ........

Many major retailers, including Walmart and Target, have said recently they wouldn’t be able to absorb all the tariff costs and would raise prices for their customers.

............... Despite some negative reaction on Wall Street Friday, stocks remain near record highs. US gross domestic product, the broadest measure of the economy, bounced back sharply in the second quarter by some measures. The labor market has remained resilient, and inflation is still reasonably close to normal levels. ............ Tariffs have worked in many of those regards: The Treasury Department reports about $150 billion in tariff revenue since Trump took office, up considerably from previous years. Numerous American manufacturers have announced major commitments to build new factories in the United States. Trump has used the threat of tariffs to impose his will on multiple countries to negotiate everything from peace deals to lower taxes. And America’s trade gap briefly narrowed earlier this year. ............ Tariff revenue is paid in the form of a tax on US importers, not foreign countries as Trump routinely claims. Many of the companies’ factory announcements were already in the works or are years away from taking place, and — considering America has about 400,000 open manufacturing jobs it can’t fill — it’s not clear where the labor force for those factories will come from. Trump’s tariff threats don’t always work and sometimes penalize US consumers, who have to pay higher prices as a result. And the trade gap, after countries worked through their pre-tariff inventories, is widening again. ....... economists continue to fear a delayed shock reaction that could damage the global economy and take America’s standing in the world down a peg.

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