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Showing posts with label FDR. Show all posts
Showing posts with label FDR. Show all posts

Saturday, July 26, 2025

Milton Friedman, Keynes, and the Great Depression: Economics, Instinct, and Ideological Blind Spots

 


Milton Friedman, Keynes, and the Great Depression: Economics, Instinct, and Ideological Blindspots

The Great Depression remains one of the most studied economic catastrophes in modern history—precisely because it exposed the limits of prevailing economic orthodoxy, triggered radical political responses, and reshaped the very foundations of macroeconomic thought. It gave rise to Keynesianism, but also inspired enduring critiques from monetarists like Milton Friedman. In this post, we will explore how Friedman would have handled the Great Depression, how Keynes actually did, and why American economists, to this day, exhibit a blind spot when it comes to the U.S. dollar.


What Caused the Great Depression?

The Great Depression wasn't a single event but a chain reaction:

  • The stock market crash of 1929 shattered investor confidence.

  • Bank failures destroyed savings and constricted credit.

  • International trade collapsed under the weight of protectionist tariffs like Smoot-Hawley.

  • Industrial production plummeted, and unemployment in the U.S. soared to 25%.

  • The Federal Reserve’s failure to act exacerbated the downward spiral.

The prevailing economic orthodoxy—rooted in classical laissez-faire thinking—urged governments to "let the market correct itself." But the correction never came. What followed was a decade-long slump and mass misery.


Milton Friedman's Diagnosis: A Monetary Catastrophe

Milton Friedman and Anna Schwartz famously published A Monetary History of the United States in 1963. In it, they argued that the Great Depression was not a failure of capitalism or private enterprise, but a failure of monetary policy. The Federal Reserve, according to Friedman, allowed the money supply to collapse by one-third between 1929 and 1933. This, he argued, turned what could have been a mild recession into a global depression.

“The Great Depression, like most other periods of severe unemployment, was produced by government mismanagement rather than by any inherent instability of the private economy.” — Milton Friedman

Friedman believed that if the Fed had acted as a proper "lender of last resort" and injected liquidity, the depression could have been prevented. His remedy? Expand the money supply aggressively and maintain price stability.

In a world where Friedman had been in charge of the Fed in 1929, he would have pursued expansive monetary policy immediately—buying government securities, cutting interest rates, and flooding the banking system with liquidity. No New Deal. No massive public works. No Keynesian deficit spending. Just monetary stabilization.

But would that have been enough?


Keynes Responds with a New Paradigm

John Maynard Keynes saw something deeper. In a time of collapsing private investment, rising savings, and mass joblessness, merely adjusting the money supply was not going to restore aggregate demand.

Keynes’s insight was revolutionary: in a depression, the economy can settle into a low-output, high-unemployment equilibrium—and stay there. The way out was for the government to spend, not merely to loosen credit. This spending would compensate for private sector retrenchment and stimulate demand.

“The boom, not the slump, is the right time for austerity.” — J.M. Keynes

Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR) may not have read The General Theory—it wasn’t published until 1936—but his political instincts aligned with Keynesian logic. Through programs like the CCC, WPA, and public infrastructure investment, Roosevelt injected demand into the economy. The results were uneven but real. Unemployment fell, the economy grew, and a social safety net emerged.

Ironically, it wasn’t until World War II—when deficit spending reached wartime levels—that full employment returned. This vindicated Keynesian ideas more than anything else.


Keynes Again in 2009: Obama’s Stimulus and Beyond

Fast-forward to the Great Recession of 2008–09. The initial response—TARP for banks, then the Obama stimulus—was undeniably Keynesian in spirit. Though not as large as some Keynesians like Paul Krugman wanted, the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act injected over $800 billion into the economy, preventing a total collapse.

Once again, Keynes, not Friedman, offered the more comprehensive diagnosis. The Fed, following a Friedman-style script, slashed interest rates and launched quantitative easing—but with limited effect. It was fiscal policy, not monetary alone, that had the bigger impact.


Would Friedman’s Approach Have Worked in 1929?

Maybe partially. Monetary expansion could have prevented the banking collapses and reduced the initial shock. But without confidence, jobs, or income, people don’t spend. Businesses don’t invest. The economy remains stagnant.

Friedman’s laser-focus on money supply underestimated what Keynes grasped: psychology matters. Fear, uncertainty, and liquidity preference require not just credit, but direct demand stimulus. In that sense, Friedman’s monetarism was necessary—but insufficient.


The Blind Patriotism of American Economists: The Dollar Delusion

One of the most peculiar features of mainstream American economics is the faith in the U.S. dollar as a permanent hegemon. Economists who would scrutinize emerging market currencies under a microscope often treat the dollar with reverence.

Consider:

  • U.S. deficits are dismissed as manageable because the dollar is the world’s reserve currency.

  • The Federal Reserve’s global dominance is assumed as immutable.

  • Calls for de-dollarization or a new international reserve system are treated as fringe or radical.

This isn’t just theoretical bias—it’s intellectual nationalism. Most top American economists have been educated, employed, and published within institutions that are structurally tied to U.S. economic dominance: Harvard, the Fed, IMF, World Bank, Wall Street.

Few dare question whether the “exorbitant privilege” of the dollar could one day fade. Fewer still acknowledge that global dollar dependency creates systemic vulnerabilities—especially for countries in the Global South.

In contrast, Keynes at Bretton Woods proposed a global neutral currency—Bancor—designed to stabilize trade imbalances and reduce reserve currency monopolies. That vision was cast aside by the U.S. in favor of dollar dominance. The consequences are still with us.


Conclusion: Instinct, Theory, and Hegemony

  • Friedman saw the Depression as a monetary failure. He would have saved the banks, but not necessarily the people.

  • Keynes saw it as a failure of aggregate demand—and offered a framework that reshaped modern macroeconomics.

  • FDR, though not formally trained in either school, embodied a Keynesian instinct before it was theory.

  • And today, American economists cling to the dollar as if it were ordained by history, rather than a geopolitical artifact of the 20th century.

To understand and avoid future depressions, we must go beyond domestic theories and monetary dogma. We must recognize the interplay of psychology, demand, global trade, and currency hegemony. Economics is not just math and policy—it is power, politics, and paradigm. And those who fail to question their own hegemonic assumptions may find themselves as outdated as the gold standard they once defended.


मिल्टन फ्रीडमैन, केन्स और महामंदी: अर्थशास्त्र, प्रवृत्ति और वैचारिक पक्षपात

महामंदी (Great Depression) आधुनिक इतिहास की सबसे अधिक अध्ययन की गई आर्थिक आपदाओं में से एक है — क्योंकि इसने तत्कालीन आर्थिक सोच की सीमाओं को उजागर किया, राजनीतिक प्रतिक्रियाओं को झकझोरा और समष्टि अर्थशास्त्र (macroeconomics) की नींव को ही बदल डाला। इसी ने केन्सवाद को जन्म दिया, लेकिन यह मॉनिटरिस्ट मिल्टन फ्रीडमैन की आलोचनाओं की प्रेरणा भी बनी। इस लेख में हम यह विश्लेषण करेंगे कि फ्रीडमैन महामंदी को कैसे संभालते, केन्स ने वास्तव में क्या किया, और आज भी अमेरिकी अर्थशास्त्रियों में डॉलर को लेकर जो अंध भक्ति है, उसका स्रोत क्या है।


महामंदी क्यों हुई?

महामंदी एक अकेली घटना नहीं थी, बल्कि कई संकटों की शृंखला थी:

  • 1929 का स्टॉक मार्केट क्रैश जिसने निवेशकों का भरोसा तोड़ दिया।

  • बैंकों का दिवालिया होना जिससे लोगों की बचत नष्ट हो गई और क्रेडिट तंत्र टूट गया।

  • स्मूट-हॉले जैसे संरक्षणवादी टैरिफों ने वैश्विक व्यापार को पंगु बना दिया।

  • औद्योगिक उत्पादन ठप हो गया और अमेरिका में बेरोज़गारी 25% तक पहुँच गई।

  • फेडरल रिजर्व की निष्क्रियता ने इस गिरावट को और गहरा बना दिया।

उस समय की आर्थिक सोच — जो पूरी तरह से मुक्त बाजार पर आधारित थी — कहती थी कि "बाजार स्वयं को संतुलित कर लेगा।" लेकिन ऐसा कभी नहीं हुआ।


मिल्टन फ्रीडमैन का विश्लेषण: मौद्रिक आपदा

मिल्टन फ्रीडमैन और अन्ना श्वार्ट्ज ने 1963 में A Monetary History of the United States प्रकाशित किया। उनका तर्क था कि महामंदी पूंजीवाद या निजी क्षेत्र की विफलता नहीं थी, बल्कि मौद्रिक नीति की विफलता थी। फेडरल रिजर्व ने 1929 से 1933 के बीच मुद्रा आपूर्ति को एक-तिहाई तक सिकुड़ने दिया। इसने एक सामान्य मंदी को महामंदी बना दिया।

“महामंदी, अन्य सभी गम्भीर बेरोज़गारी कालों की तरह, निजी अर्थव्यवस्था की अस्थिरता से नहीं बल्कि सरकार की ग़लत नीतियों से उत्पन्न हुई।” — मिल्टन फ्रीडमैन

फ्रीडमैन की राय थी कि अगर फेड ने "last resort" के रूप में काम किया होता और बैंकिंग प्रणाली में भरपूर नकदी डाली होती, तो संकट टल सकता था। उनके समाधान: मुद्रा आपूर्ति बढ़ाओ, ब्याज दरें घटाओ, बैंकिंग व्यवस्था को बचाओ। लेकिन न तो न्यू डील और न ही सार्वजनिक खर्च की ज़रूरत थी — ऐसा उनका मानना था।

पर क्या यह पर्याप्त होता?


केन्स का उत्तर: एक नई सोच

जॉन मेनार्ड केन्स ने इसे एक अलग दृष्टि से देखा। जब निजी निवेश धराशायी हो गया हो, जनता बचत कर रही हो, और बेरोज़गारी चरम पर हो — तो सिर्फ़ मौद्रिक ढील (monetary easing) से अर्थव्यवस्था नहीं सुधरती।

केन्स की क्रांतिकारी सोच यह थी: एक अर्थव्यवस्था कम उत्पादन और उच्च बेरोज़गारी के स्तर पर अटक सकती है — और वहीं रह सकती है

इसका समाधान: सरकारी खर्च से मांग को पुनर्जीवित करना।

“मंदी नहीं, बल्कि बूम के समय ही कटौती उपयुक्त होती है।” — जे.एम. केन्स

एफडीआर (Franklin D. Roosevelt) ने शायद The General Theory नहीं पढ़ी थी — वह 1936 में आई — लेकिन उनके राजनीतिक निर्णय पूरी तरह केन्सियन भावना के अनुरूप थे। CCC, WPA जैसी योजनाओं ने काम और वेतन दिए। परिणाम पूर्ण रूप से नहीं, पर स्पष्ट रूप से सकारात्मक रहे। रोजगार बढ़ा, अर्थव्यवस्था में गति आई, और एक सामाजिक सुरक्षा तंत्र की नींव पड़ी।

असल परिवर्तन तो द्वितीय विश्व युद्ध के दौरान हुआ जब सरकार ने युद्ध के लिए भारी खर्च किया — और बेरोज़गारी गायब हो गई। यही केन्स के विचारों का सबसे बड़ा प्रमाण था।


2009 में फिर से केन्स: महामंदी का नया संस्करण

2008–09 की वैश्विक मंदी के समय भी केन्सीय सोच ही आगे आई। ओबामा सरकार का स्टिमुलस पैकेज (लगभग $800 अरब) इस बात का प्रमाण था कि सिर्फ ब्याज दरें घटाना काफी नहीं होता।

फेड ने फ्रीडमैन की शैली में quantitative easing किया, लेकिन जनता में भरोसा और मांग पैदा नहीं हो सकी। वास्तविक प्रभाव सरकार के खर्च से आया — उसी तरह जैसे 1930 के दशक में हुआ था।


क्या फ्रीडमैन का दृष्टिकोण 1929 में काम करता?

शायद आंशिक रूप से। बैंकिंग व्यवस्था को बचाने के लिए मौद्रिक विस्तार उपयोगी होता। लेकिन जब जनता बेरोज़गार हो, भयभीत हो, और पैसे बचा रही हो — तब सस्ती क्रेडिट मदद नहीं करती।

केन्स ने जो बात समझी, फ्रीडमैन ने उसे नज़रअंदाज़ किया: मानव मनोविज्ञान महत्वपूर्ण होता है

डर, अनिश्चितता और "liquidity preference" को सिर्फ सस्ते ऋण से नहीं, बल्कि सीधी मांग और रोजगार सृजन से ही हल किया जा सकता है।


अमेरिकी अर्थशास्त्रियों का डॉलर के प्रति अंधभक्ति

आज के अमेरिकी अर्थशास्त्री अमेरिकी डॉलर को लेकर गहरा राष्ट्रवादी पक्षपात प्रदर्शित करते हैं।

  • डॉलर को वैश्विक आरक्षित मुद्रा मान कर वे अमेरिका के घाटे को सामान्य मानते हैं।

  • वे मानते हैं कि फेड की वैश्विक प्रभुता स्थायी है

  • "डॉलर से विमुक्ति" (de-dollarization) को वे हास्यास्पद मानते हैं।

यह केवल बौद्धिक पूर्वाग्रह नहीं, बल्कि संस्थागत राष्ट्रवाद है। हार्वर्ड, फेडरल रिजर्व, वर्ल्ड बैंक और आईएमएफ जैसी संस्थाएं — जो अमेरिकी प्रभुत्व से जुड़ी हैं — वहां से प्रशिक्षित अर्थशास्त्रियों को डॉलर प्रणाली पर सवाल उठाना “अधार्मिक” लगता है।

इसके विपरीत, केन्स ने Bretton Woods सम्मेलन में एक वैश्विक तटस्थ मुद्रा — 'Bancor' का सुझाव दिया था, जो व्यापार संतुलन और मुद्रा अस्थिरता को नियंत्रित करती। लेकिन अमेरिका ने इसे खारिज कर डॉलर को केंद्र में रखा — और आज हम उसी के दुष्परिणाम झेल रहे हैं।


निष्कर्ष: प्रवृत्ति, विचारधारा और प्रभुत्व

  • फ्रीडमैन ने महामंदी को मौद्रिक नीति की विफलता बताया — उन्होंने बैंक बचाए होते, लेकिन आम जनता नहीं।

  • केन्स ने इसे मांग की विफलता कहा — और सरकार की भूमिका को पुनर्परिभाषित किया।

  • एफडीआर ने सिद्धांत नहीं पढ़ा, लेकिन सही निर्णय लिया।

  • और आज के अमेरिकी अर्थशास्त्री डॉलर के मोह में बौद्धिक निष्पक्षता खो चुके हैं

यदि हमें भविष्य की महामंदियों से बचना है, तो हमें मात्रा नहीं, विचार की क्रांति चाहिए — जो मांग, मनोविज्ञान, वैश्विक व्यापार और शक्ति-संतुलन को समझे। अर्थशास्त्र केवल संख्या या नीति नहीं है — वह सत्ता, राजनीति और दृष्टिकोण का विज्ञान है। और जो अपने ही मुद्रा प्रभुत्व को प्रश्नचिह्न से मुक्त मानते हैं, वे आने वाले बदलावों से सबसे अधिक चकित होंगे।




Saturday, July 12, 2025

FDR To Reagan To AOC: The Half Century Pendulum Swings

 


📉 From Reaganomics to Mamdani Politics: Is the Pendulum About to Swing Back?

For nearly a century, American politics has swung like a pendulum between two competing visions of capitalism: one expansive, inclusive, and redistributive, and the other lean, deregulated, and market-driven. The FDR era (1930–1980) was defined by the New Deal, Social Security, union strength, and public investment. The Reagan era (1980–2030, for simple math) heralded tax cuts for the wealthy, deregulation, and a steady erosion of the public sector.

But nothing lasts forever. The tides of economic ideology may now be shifting again.


🔁 Why the Reagan Era May Be Ending

The Reagan consensus—low taxes, small government, deregulated markets—has ruled for over four decades. It shaped Democrats and Republicans alike. Even Clinton and Obama operated largely within its framework, focusing on technocratic reforms rather than redistributive transformations.

Yet cracks have appeared:

  • Soaring inequality has become impossible to ignore. In 1960, the CEO-to-worker pay ratio was about 20:1. Today, it’s over 300:1.

  • Essential services are failing. Millions are uninsured, student debt has ballooned, and housing is unaffordable in most major cities.

  • Climate change and pandemics have exposed the fragility of privatized and underfunded systems.

Americans—especially younger generations—are rethinking the trade-offs they were told were necessary. A top tax rate of 90% during the FDR era didn’t destroy capitalism. In fact, it underwrote massive public investments in highways, housing, and higher education. So why not a top rate of 70% now, if it can finance high-quality healthcare, universal education, a Green New Deal, and an end to homelessness?


💡 Big Government Isn’t the Problem. Bad Arithmetic Is.

Critics of progressive programs often fear-monger about “socialism.” But if we define socialism as state ownership of all production, that’s not what any mainstream progressive is proposing.

The real question is fiscal math. Can ambitious programs be fully paid for?

The answer lies in:

  • Reinstating progressive taxation, especially on billionaires who currently pay lower effective tax rates than their secretaries.

  • Closing corporate loopholes and taxing multinational profits fairly.

  • Ending wasteful subsidies to oil companies and other polluters.

  • Reprioritizing military spending, which often exceeds the next 10 nations combined.

If the numbers add up—and they must—progressives can win the argument on both morality and arithmetic.


💥 Tariffs: The Regressive Tax No One Asked For

Donald Trump’s economic nationalism includes massive tariffs. But tariffs are simply taxes on consumers, particularly lower- and middle-income households. They make goods more expensive, worsen inflation, and empty store shelves.

The result? An angry electorate.

Historically, the party in power loses midterms. Add tariff-fueled inflation to the mix, and Republicans could face massive backlash in 2026—giving Democrats two years to present a sane, progressive, and fiscally responsible alternative.


🌊 The Mamdani Moment: NYC as Harbinger of 2028?

What just happened in New York City is more than a local political shakeup—it may be a signal flare for the nation. The NYC mayor is often seen as the second most visible political office in America. A decisive shift toward progressive leadership in America’s largest city suggests public appetite for a new approach.

The rise of figures like Zohran Mamdani and Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez shows what post-Reagan politics might look like: unapologetically ambitious, socially democratic, and laser-focused on policy with a calculator in hand.


🧮 Progressivism With a Calculator

There’s growing room in the national conversation for leaders who can dream big and balance budgets. Proposals like Medicare for All or tuition-free college are no longer fringe. The key to their political viability is demonstrating exactly how they’ll be paid for.

Voters are increasingly savvy. They don’t mind “big government” if it works—and if it’s not wasteful. What they do mind are broken promises, vague numbers, and deficits with no plan.


📚 Want to Explore the Next Era of American Politics?

Two thought-provoking books shed more light on this coming transformation:

  • 🔥 AOC 2028: The Future of American Progressivism
    A bold political manifesto imagining what it would look like if the next era of American leadership was shaped by AOC-style vision, courage, and policy detail.

  • 💥 Trump’s Default: The Mist of Empire
    A gripping political novel about what happens when the empire collapses under its contradictions—tariffs, debt cliffs, and all. A fictional warning, or tomorrow’s headlines?


Bottom Line:
The Reagan era was real. It shaped our world. But it may be over soon. If the pendulum is swinging back, the next generation of leaders must learn from both FDR and Reagan: be bold, be clear, and make the math work.



📉 रीगन से ममदानी तक: क्या अमेरिका में राजनीतिक बदलाव की घड़ी आ गई है?

पिछले एक शताब्दी में अमेरिकी राजनीति दो विपरीत आर्थिक विचारधाराओं के बीच झूलती रही है—एक जो समावेशी, पुनर्वितरण पर केंद्रित और सार्वजनिक निवेश वाली है, और दूसरी जो निजीकरण, कर कटौती और मुक्त बाजार आधारित है।
FDR युग (1930–1980) में न्यू डील, सोशल सिक्योरिटी, मज़बूत यूनियनों और सार्वजनिक बुनियादी ढांचे का विस्तार हुआ।
रीगन युग (1980–2030) में टैक्स कटौती, निजीकरण और "सरकार समस्या है" जैसी सोच का बोलबाला रहा।

लेकिन हर युग की एक सीमा होती है। अब लगता है कि लहरें पलट रही हैं।


🔁 क्यों रीगन युग का अंत करीब है

रीगन के विचारों—कम टैक्स, कम सरकारी हस्तक्षेप, और निजी क्षेत्र की प्रधानता—ने चार दशकों तक अमेरिका की नीति को दिशा दी। डेमोक्रेट्स और रिपब्लिकन, दोनों इस ढांचे में काम करते रहे। क्लिंटन और ओबामा भी मूल रूप से इसी रास्ते पर चले।

लेकिन अब परिस्थितियाँ बदल रही हैं:

  • विषमता चरम पर पहुंच गई है। 1960 में CEO और एक आम वर्कर की सैलरी में 20:1 का अनुपात था। आज यह 300:1 से अधिक है।

  • स्वास्थ्य, शिक्षा और आवास जैसी बुनियादी सेवाएं चरमरा रही हैं।

  • जलवायु संकट और महामारी ने कमज़ोर निजी व्यवस्था को उजागर कर दिया है।

अमेरिकियों—खासकर युवाओं—ने अब इस व्यवस्था पर सवाल उठाने शुरू कर दिए हैं। FDR के समय में टॉप टैक्स रेट 90% था, फिर भी अमेरिका न तो समाजवादी बना और न ही लोकतंत्र टूटा। तो फिर आज अगर टॉप टैक्स रेट 70% हो जाए, और उससे स्वास्थ्य, शिक्षा, सार्वजनिक परिवहन, और आवास जैसे ज़रूरी कार्यक्रम चल सकें—तो इसमें हर्ज क्या है?


💡 समस्या "बड़ी सरकार" नहीं, गणित है

जब प्रगतिशील योजनाओं की बात होती है, तो आलोचक जल्दी ही “समाजवाद” का डर दिखाने लगते हैं। लेकिन अगर समाजवाद का मतलब यह हो कि सरकार हर चीज़ की मालिक हो, तो वैसा कोई मांग भी नहीं कर रहा।

मुद्दा है: बजट कैसे संतुलित होगा?

इसका समाधान है:

  • प्रगतिशील टैक्स प्रणाली की वापसी, खासकर अरबपतियों पर जिनकी प्रभावी टैक्स दर आम कर्मचारियों से कम है।

  • कॉरपोरेट टैक्स में छूट बंद करना और बहुराष्ट्रीय कंपनियों को ईमानदारी से टैक्स देना।

  • तेल कंपनियों को मिलने वाली सब्सिडी बंद करना।

  • सैन्य बजट की समीक्षा, जो आज दुनिया के 10 देशों के कुल बजट से भी अधिक है।

अगर गणित फिट बैठता है—तो नैतिकता और व्यवहारिकता दोनों स्तरों पर प्रगतिशील विचार सफल हो सकते हैं।


💥 टैरिफ: गरीबों पर कर

डोनाल्ड ट्रंप का आर्थिक राष्ट्रवाद भारी टैरिफों पर आधारित है। लेकिन हकीकत यह है कि टैरिफ एक छुपा हुआ कर है जो उपभोक्ताओं को देना पड़ता है—खासकर गरीब और मध्यम वर्ग को।

इससे:

  • रोज़मर्रा की चीज़ें महंगी हो जाती हैं

  • मुद्रास्फीति बढ़ती है

  • दुकानों में सामान कम हो जाता है

और नतीजा? नाराज़ मतदाता।

इतिहास बताता है कि सत्ताधारी पार्टी को मिडटर्म चुनावों में नुकसान होता है। अगर ट्रंप की नीतियाँ मुद्रास्फीति बढ़ाती हैं, तो 2026 में रिपब्लिकन पार्टी को भारी नुकसान हो सकता है—और डेमोक्रेट्स को 2028 के लिए एक मौका मिल सकता है।


🌊 न्यूयॉर्क से राष्ट्रव्यापी ममदानी पल

न्यूयॉर्क सिटी की राजनीति केवल स्थानीय मामला नहीं है—यह अक्सर राष्ट्रीय रुझानों का संकेत होती है। NYC का मेयर अमेरिका का दूसरा सबसे चर्चित राजनीतिक पद होता है।

ममदानी जैसे नेताओं का उभार और AOC की लोकप्रियता यह दर्शाते हैं कि रीगन युग के बाद का युग कैसा हो सकता है—बोल्ड, स्पष्ट, और "कैलकुलेटर के साथ वामपंथ"।


🧮 प्रगतिशीलता = गणना + दृष्टि

आज के मतदाता जागरूक हैं। वे बड़ी योजनाओं से नहीं डरते—अगर वो काम करें और पैसे की बर्बादी न हो।

प्रोग्रेसिव एजेंडा सफल तभी हो सकता है जब:

  • प्रस्ताव स्पष्ट हों

  • फंडिंग का स्रोत निश्चित हो

  • बजट संतुलित हो

"मुफ्त" के नारे से ज़्यादा ज़रूरी है वित्तीय पारदर्शिता


📚 आगे पढ़ना चाहें? ये दो किताबें ज़रूर देखें:

  • 🔥 AOC 2028: The Future of American Progressivism
    कल्पना कीजिए कि अगर AOC जैसी नेतृत्व क्षमता और नीतियाँ अमेरिकी राजनीति की धारा बन जाएं तो कैसा होगा? यह किताब उसी संभावना की झलक देती है।

  • 💥 Trump’s Default: The Mist of Empire
    एक राजनीतिक उपन्यास जो बताता है कि अगर अमेरिका अपनी ही नीतियों के बोझ तले दब जाए तो क्या होगा। यह एक कल्पना है—लेकिन शायद आने वाली हकीकत भी।


निष्कर्ष:
रीगन युग ने अमेरिका को गहराई से प्रभावित किया है। लेकिन अब वक़्त बदल रहा है। अगर लहरें पलट रही हैं, तो आने वाले नेताओं को FDR और रीगन दोनों से सीखना होगा—साहस दिखाओ, स्पष्ट रहो, और गणना सटीक हो।





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Saturday, March 28, 2020

Imagine FDR Delegating World War II To Governors

World War II did not go to every country on earth. This pandemic has. World War II did not freeze national economies and supply chains, although there were unmistakable disruptions. My point is, on scale, this is big. World War II seems to be the only available metaphor. But that is like using earth as a metaphor to talk about Jupiter. Jupiter is also a planet, alright.

And Trump has been botching it.
  • He spent precious weeks in denial. He was going to tweet the pandemic away. 
  • A nationwide lockdown lasting three weeks would have been the least disruptive economically and the most effective medically. When testing everyone is not an option, putting everyone in isolation for three weeks is enough time for the infected to start showing symptoms and qualify for further self-isolation. 
  • Just like FDR needed airplanes in huge numbers, this pandemic is asking for supplies: masks, gloves, ventilators, hospital beds. This pandemic would be a good reason to call a truce on the trade war with China. China seems to have an immediate capacity to produce those things plenty. If not, the wartime act for this needed to be put to practice. Domestic production needed to be ramped up. 
  • Trump is in a hurry to get America back to work. Because if the economy does not go back to pre-pandemic, he is toast in November. The fastest way to get America back to work is through widespread testing. Everyone who needs to or wants to get tested should be able to get tested with results showing up within the hour. Then you become much better at identifying and isolating people. And the rest can go to work. 
  • But is is already late. The sky has already fallen. The unemployment numbers already have passed Depression levels. Numerous businesses have already gone belly up. 
  • With Trump not only is the national dimension missing, but the global dimension is also missing. This pandemic is global. Only a coordinated global dimension will work. In the aftermath of 9/11 the FBI and the CIA learned to work together. Now national governments will have to learn that same lesson. Otherwise you are looking at massive deaths and massive economic disruption. 
  • Trump is unfit for the moment. He has failed to rise to the occasion. Trump has botched it bigly.


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Sunday, July 26, 2015

FDR = Keynesian, Barack Obama = Kenyan

FDR Was No Keynesian

John Maynard Keynes Русский: Джон Мейнард Кейн...
John Maynard Keynes Русский: Джон Мейнард Кейнс Türkçe: John Maynard Keynes (Photo credit: Wikipedia)
John Maynard Keynes and FDR were contemporaries. Keynes, of course, fathered macroeconomics. FDR fathered what is known as the New Deal. But the real stimulus was World War II itself. FDR was not someone who had read up on Keynes, and then got into office and applied the ideas. He did the New Deal based on his political instincts. His populist impulse was massive deficit spending in the face of a huge recession. And it worked.

What I call globoeconomics, I have been calling since 2008, I don't have the economics/finance background to put a theoretical spin to, but the political part of it is fairly obvious. Here too perhaps the dog can wag the tail. You build a genuine world government, and globoeconomics will flow out of it.

Defense Budget: Too Big
The 4%
A Fan Of Israel
Guns Are Insanity
Shashi Tharoor: Impressive Speech At Oxford
लालु यादव: मौसम वैज्ञानिक
Climate Change Is For Real
Barack Obama Is Biologically Superior
Barack Obama Should Create And Lead A Genuine World Government
How To Make Peace With Pakistan
Putin
Political Reform For China
Climate Change, Terrorism, Poverty, World Government
2001, 2002, 2008: Cycle Of Violence
न्यु यर्क मेरा होमटाउन
So Much For The Butterfly Effect
Modi: A Force Of Nature
Elon Musk's Hyperloop And India

Wednesday, September 08, 2010

Radio Debate: Reshma Saujani, Carolyn Maloney


If FDR were around today, he would NOT be doing radio chats. He would disapprove of these two East Side politicians doing a radio chat. FDR would be doing YouTube, like Barack Obama is. I don't understand Maloney's love for radio technology. Or maybe I do.



Audio Of The Debate
Another Audio
New York Times: Debate In House Race Stirs Big Passions For A Small Audience: a long-awaited radio debate .... abruptly hit Ms. Maloney with a tough question about her ethics..... when Ms. Saujani chimed in that “Carolyn Maloney just lied,” Mr. Louis left the accusation hanging ..... WWRL-AM (1600), which ranks about 50th among stations in the metropolitan area ....... The primary contest has grown increasingly heated as election day draws near, with each woman calling the other dishonest and desperate. ..... refused several invitations to debate her rival on television ..... Saujani had raised $1.36 million ..... Saujani pounded her again and again, belittling her recent legislative record by calling her a “member of Congress emeritus” and denigrating her intellect by questioning Ms. Maloney’s mastery of Wall Street jargon. ..... “If I were to ask Carolyn Maloney what a basis point is, she probably doesn’t know,” Ms. Saujani said. ..... “People are sick and tired of the corruption and lack of ethics and integrity,” Ms. Saujani said. ...... Ms. Maloney seemed to stumble here, saying, “I was not involved in fund-raising,” though she did not deny having attended the two events or that her campaign team, in which she presumably has some role, had arranged them. ......Saujani kept on the attack until the end, accusing Ms. Maloney of doing too little for Queens and of taking sole credit for achievements that were not hers alone, from the Second Avenue subway line to the establishment of a new bank in Queensbridge. And she tried to deflate Ms. Maloney’s passage of credit card reform legislation last year by noting that a delay in its implementation allowed card issuers to raise interest rates.

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Friday, March 05, 2010

The Obama FDR Parallels

Paul Krugman, Laureate of the Sveriges Riksban...Image via Wikipedia
"The New York Times columnist Paul Krugman, who fears a lost decade, said in a lecture at the London School of Economics last summer that he has “no idea” how the economy could quickly return to strong, sustainable growth."
FDR's was the Great Depression. We are calling ours the Great Recession. FDR gave us Social Security, Obama is going to give Universal Health Care. The recession is over. The recession is not over. You love me, you love me not.

I think there are obvious parallels between the Great Depression and what we are going through right now, but it is also important to realize we are treading new territory.

(1) The Bailout

That was necessary. It is interesting that many of the banks have already paid back most of the money. I am on record at this blog saying that is what will happen, although I did not see it happening this fast. But they have not paid back all the money, so.

The bailout was putting the fire out. Without the bailout it would not have been a Great Recession but Great Depression II.

(2) The Stimulus 

It was necessary but insufficient. When it was put together, I was not shocked by the size of it. What did bother me was it focused too much on the past and too little on the future. I was surprised how little was allocated to broadband, for example.

(3) Banking Regulation

Work here has not gone as well as needed. Wall Street needs a new set of pants. Take off the boxer shorts. Put on some pants.

(4) Public Works Programs

Basically I am arguing for a second stimulus package that might be similar in size to the first one. This would be one pig push to create a truly post-industrial America. The first big wave of job creation will have to be the government's work, otherwise the 10% unemployment figure is feeling pretty comfortable where it is. You did not rely on the market for the bailout, or the stimulus, you sure do not expect the market to do the regulation work. That same courtesy has to be extended to job creation.

Most of the job creation will happen in the education and health sectors. Instead of creating a Tennessee Valley Authority, you would create a program to hire a ton of mentors to kick-start the inner cities, for example.

Universal and faster broadband is fundamental to this very idea. That is the centerpiece. That basic physical infrastructure is what will take both education and health to their next levels. Obama has to build that universal, faster broadband infrastructure like Eisenhower built the interstate highway system. Without that America is not going to become a post-industrial society. People will have to be plugged in.

The idea has to be for the government to hire five million people. If you are going to do it anyway, it makes no sense to do it later, or do it in small steps. Creating new jobs has to be the centerpiece of the second stimulus bill.

Education and health will have to be reimagined. That is why getting health care right is so key. It can't just be about adding entitlement programs for people who are known will not pay in, although everyone has to be covered. It also has to be about bringing the costs down across the board. You inject technology and the market forces into the sector.

On Deficits And Debts

The time to reign in the deficit and the debt will come, but that time is not now. Once the recovery is full, the political wind will blow in that direction.
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