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Showing posts with label Myanmar. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Myanmar. Show all posts

Wednesday, November 26, 2025

Myanmar’s Turbulent Path: From Democratic Hope to Fragmented Civil War

 


Myanmar’s Turbulent Path: From Democratic Hope to Fragmented Civil War

Myanmar’s modern history reads like a tragic pendulum — swinging between moments of luminous democratic hope and the crushing gravity of military domination. Once hailed as Southeast Asia’s great democratic awakening, the nation today stands fractured, bloodied, and engulfed in one of the world’s most complex civil wars, a conflict that blends revolution, ethnic insurgency, geopolitical rivalry, and state collapse.

From the moment Aung San Suu Kyi stepped out of house arrest in November 2010, global optimism bloomed. Myanmar appeared to be emerging from the shadow of authoritarianism into the sunlight of reform. Fifteen years later, the country is a patchwork of rebel-controlled zones, ruined villages, economic collapse, and a military regime desperately clinging to relevance through bombs and fear.

This is not merely a political collapse. It is the slow disintegration of a nation-state architecture built on colonial fractures, ethnic exclusion, and militarized paranoia.


I. The Illusion of Democratic Dawn (2010–2021)

Suu Kyi’s release symbolized more than freedom for an imprisoned leader; it represented the psychological emancipation of a nation long conditioned to silence. Under President Thein Sein’s carefully choreographed reforms, Myanmar opened its press, eased censorship, freed dissidents, and flirted with the global economy.

The National League for Democracy’s landslide victories in 2015 and 2020 reinforced the narrative of irreversible democratic transition. Yet beneath the surface, the military constitution of 2008 functioned as a velvet cage. The Tatmadaw controlled defense, interior affairs, border security, and 25% of parliament — enough to veto constitutional reform.

Myanmar’s democracy was not a republic; it was a staging area leased from the generals.

Even Suu Kyi’s leadership exposed contradictions. Her defense of the military during the Rohingya ethnic cleansing at the International Court of Justice shattered her global moral halo. Western critics saw betrayal. Domestically, however, Suu Kyi solidified her standing among Bamar nationalists. Myanmar’s democracy, it turned out, was built on exclusions, not universality.

The Rohingya tragedy did not just stain Myanmar’s reputation; it revealed a structural truth: the military was never dismantled — merely tolerated.


II. The 2021 Coup: The Day Myanmar Broke

When the military seized power on February 1, 2021, it did more than overthrow an elected government. It detonated the fragile social contract holding modern Myanmar together.

The streets filled with unarmed protestors. Doctors, teachers, bankers, and engineers joined the Civil Disobedience Movement. Young people livestreamed resistance, turning TikTok into a battlefield diary of defiance. The Tatmadaw responded with bullets, mass arrests, torture, and terror.

This was not the suppression of protest. It was the criminalization of national identity.

As peaceful resistance met brute force, the psychological transformation began: citizens became revolutionaries. PDFs (People’s Defense Forces) emerged. The National Unity Government formed in exile. Ethnic armies, long fighting for autonomy, aligned with urban youth rebels. What had once been parallel conflicts fused into a nationwide war of defiance.

Myanmar didn’t just revolt. It mutated.


III. A War Without Frontlines (2021–2025)

By 2025, the civil war has evolved into a multi-theater insurgency with no clear center. The junta now controls only fragmented urban corridors and airspace dominance zones.

Rebel coalitions dominate vast rural areas, including Rakhine, Chin, Shan, Kayah, and Karen states. The Arakan Army, Karen National Union, Kachin Independence Army, and countless PDFs operate with growing coordination and tactical sophistication.

The military’s response is scorched-earth warfare: aerial bombardments, village burnings, food blockades, and mass displacement. Schools become skeletons. Hospitals become targets. The economy has collapsed into survival mode.

Myanmar now resembles a broken hourglass — power dripping away from the generals into a thousand decentralized hands.


IV. Why This War Persists

The civil war is not solely a struggle between democracy and dictatorship. It is a collision of several unresolved historical forces:

  1. Colonial Borders, Ethnic Mistrust
    British-era territorial engineering created a forced union of deeply distinct ethnic identities under a unitary state structure. Federalism was promised in 1947. It was never delivered.

  2. Militarized Nationalism
    The Tatmadaw was forged psychologically as the guardian of the nation, not its servant. It views civilian competence as existential threat.

  3. Economic Enclosures
    The military controls jade, timber, natural gas, and narcotics corridors. Peace threatens its revenue streams.

  4. Generational Shift
    Myanmar’s youth no longer fear the generals. They grew up online. They learned the language of resistance through global networks.

  5. Psychological Point of No Return
    After mass killings, betrayal, and prison sentences for leaders like Suu Kyi, reconciliation feels morally impossible.

This is no longer just a political rebellion. It is an existential confrontation between an old planetary model of power and a new decentralized vision of society.


V. International Paralysis and Regional Ambivalence

The global response has been fragmented and insufficient. UN resolutions lack enforcement. China and Russia shield the junta diplomatically while profiting economically. ASEAN’s Five-Point Consensus has become ceremonial theater.

The world treats Myanmar as a humanitarian problem, not a structural collapse of a state.

Meanwhile, strategic fatigue clouds intervention. Ukraine, Gaza, and global inflation dominate headlines. Myanmar becomes the forgotten war — silent suffering under the fog of geopolitical distraction.

Even decisions like ending Temporary Protected Status for Myanmar nationals deepen the cruelty of neglect.


VI. Can Myanmar Be Saved?

There are three possible futures:

1. Prolonged Fragmentation

A slow-burning conflict where Myanmar becomes a permanent battleground of micro-factions, similar to Libya or Syria.

2. Military Entrenchment

A fortified dictatorship ruling through fear and isolation, economically dependent on Russia and China.

3. Federal Rebirth

A revolutionary transformation into a decentralized federal union driven by ethnic autonomy and democratic reconstruction.

The third path demands coordinated international pressure, recognition of the National Unity Government, sanctions with teeth, arms embargoes, and massive humanitarian corridors controlled independently of the junta.

But it also demands something messier: moral courage from the global order.


VII. The Deeper Question: What Is Myanmar Fighting For?

Myanmar’s war is not just about power. It is about identity.

It is about whether a nation can reinvent itself beyond colonial logic and military mythology. Whether diversity can coexist without domination. Whether democracy can emerge not as a borrowed Western export but as an indigenous expression of plural dignity.

Myanmar is not just fighting a junta. It is fighting the blueprint of the last century.


Conclusion: Between Ashes and Awakening

Myanmar stands at the narrow bridge between ruin and reinvention. A country where monks once marched for peace now echoes with drone strikes and whispered resistance songs.

The story of Myanmar is not yet over. But history remembers something vital: the most resilient revolutions are not those born with international applause, but those forged silently in classrooms, villages, and whispered courage.

If the world continues to look away, Myanmar may indeed become the war history forgot. But if global solidarity aligns with the quiet courage of its people, it may yet become a case study in how nations rise again — not from power, but from perseverance.

The future of Myanmar will not be won in negotiation rooms alone.

It will be written by the hands that refused to kneel.




म्यांमार की उथल-पुथल भरी यात्रा: लोकतांत्रिक आशा से बिखरते गृहयुद्ध तक

म्यांमार का आधुनिक इतिहास एक दुखद दोलन की तरह प्रतीत होता है — जो कभी लोकतांत्रिक आशा की रोशनी की ओर बढ़ता है, तो कभी सैन्य प्रभुत्व के अंधकार में गिर जाता है। एक समय दक्षिण-पूर्व एशिया की लोकतांत्रिक जागृति का प्रतीक माने जाने वाला यह देश आज खंडित, रक्तरंजित और विश्व के सबसे जटिल गृहयुद्धों में से एक में उलझा हुआ है — एक ऐसा संघर्ष जिसमें क्रांति, जातीय विद्रोह, भू-राजनीतिक प्रतिस्पर्धा और राज्य पतन सभी घुलमिल गए हैं।

नवंबर 2010 में आंग सान सू ची के घर में नजरबंदी से मुक्त होते ही वैश्विक आशा की किरण जगी थी। म्यांमार तानाशाही की छाया से निकलकर सुधारों की रोशनी में प्रवेश करता प्रतीत हुआ। लेकिन पंद्रह वर्षों के भीतर यह देश विद्रोही नियंत्रण वाले क्षेत्रों, जले हुए गांवों, ध्वस्त अर्थव्यवस्था और भय के सहारे सत्ता संभालती एक सैन्य सरकार में बदल गया।

यह केवल राजनीतिक विफलता नहीं है। यह एक ऐसे राष्ट्र-राज्य ढांचे का धीमा विघटन है जो उपनिवेशवादी विरासत, जातीय बहिष्कार और सैन्य मानसिकता पर टिका था।


I. लोकतंत्र का भ्रमित सूर्योदय (2010–2021)

सू ची की रिहाई मात्र एक नेता की मुक्ति नहीं थी; यह एक लंबे समय से मौन में जी रहे राष्ट्र की मानसिक स्वतंत्रता का प्रतीक थी। राष्ट्रपति थीन सेन के नेतृत्व में प्रेस की स्वतंत्रता, सेंसरशिप में ढील और राजनीतिक बंदियों की रिहाई ने वैश्विक मंच पर म्यांमार की नई छवि बनाई।

2015 और 2020 में नेशनल लीग फॉर डेमोक्रेसी (NLD) की ऐतिहासिक जीत ने लोकतंत्र की वापसी को स्थायी माना। किंतु 2008 का सैन्य संविधान एक मखमली पिंजरे की भांति था। सेना संसद की 25% सीटों, रक्षा मंत्रालय और गृह मंत्रालय पर नियंत्रण रखती थी।

यह लोकतंत्र नहीं, बल्कि सेना द्वारा किराये पर दी गई सरकार थी।

2017 के रोहिंग्या संकट में सू ची द्वारा सेना का बचाव करने से उनकी नैतिक छवि को गहरा आघात लगा। इससे स्पष्ट हो गया कि म्यांमार का लोकतंत्र समावेशिता नहीं, बल्कि चयनात्मक स्वीकृति पर आधारित था।


II. 2021 का सैन्य तख्तापलट: वह दिन जब म्यांमार टूट गया

1 फरवरी 2021 को सेना ने सत्ता हथिया ली। यह सिर्फ एक सरकार का तख्तापलट नहीं था — यह पूरे सामाजिक अनुबंध का विस्फोट था।

सड़कें प्रदर्शनकारियों से भर गईं। डॉक्टर, शिक्षक और छात्र नागरिक अवज्ञा आंदोलन में शामिल हो गए। सेना ने गोलियों, गिरफ्तारियों, यातनाओं और इंटरनेट बंदी से जवाब दिया।

यह विरोध का दमन नहीं था, यह राष्ट्रीय पहचान का अपराधीकरण था।

जब शांतिपूर्ण विरोध ने हथियार उठाए, तब परिवर्तन हुआ: नागरिक विद्रोही बने। पीडीएफ (पीपुल्स डिफेंस फोर्स) उभरे। राष्ट्रीय एकता सरकार (NUG) का गठन हुआ। जातीय सेनाएं और युवा विद्रोही एकसाथ लड़ने लगे।

म्यांमार ने केवल विद्रोह नहीं किया — वह रूपांतरित हो गया।


III. सीमाओं रहित युद्ध (2021–2025)

2025 तक यह संघर्ष बहु-क्षेत्रीय विद्रोह में बदल चुका है। सेना केवल शहरी गलियारों और हवाई नियंत्रण तक सीमित हो गई है।

विद्रोही गठबंधन — जैसे अराकान सेना, केचिन स्वतंत्रता सेना और करेन राष्ट्रीय संघ — ग्रामीण इलाकों में प्रभावी नियंत्रण बनाए हुए हैं।

सेना की प्रतिक्रिया: हवाई हमले, गांवों को जलाना, खाद्य अवरोध और विस्थापन। स्कूल खंडहर हैं, अस्पताल निशाने पर हैं, और अर्थव्यवस्था जीवन-रक्षा मोड में है।

म्यांमार अब एक टूटा हुआ राज्य है — जिसकी सत्ता टुकड़ों में बंट चुकी है।


IV. यह युद्ध क्यों जारी है?

  1. उपनिवेशवादी सीमाएं और जातीय अविश्वास

  2. सैन्य राष्ट्रवाद

  3. आर्थिक नियंत्रण

  4. पीढ़ीगत बदलाव

  5. समझौते की असंभवता

यह संघर्ष केवल सत्ता का नहीं — अस्तित्व का युद्ध बन चुका है।


V. अंतरराष्ट्रीय निष्क्रियता और क्षेत्रीय उदासीनता

संयुक्त राष्ट्र की घोषणाएं निष्प्रभावी हैं। चीन और रूस सैन्य शासन की रक्षा करते हैं। आसियान का प्रयास प्रतीकात्मक बन गया है।

दुनिया म्यांमार को मानवीय संकट मानती है, लेकिन यह एक राष्ट्र-राज्य के ढहने की कहानी है।


VI. क्या म्यांमार बच सकता है?

तीन संभावनाएं हैं:

  1. दीर्घकालिक विखंडन

  2. सैन्य तानाशाही की स्थिरता

  3. संघीय लोकतांत्रिक पुनर्जन्म

तीसरा रास्ता अंतरराष्ट्रीय समर्थन और नवनिर्मित संविधान से होकर जाता है।


VII. म्यांमार किसके लिए लड़ रहा है?

यह केवल एक शासन परिवर्तन नहीं — यह आत्मा की खोज है। यह तय करने की लड़ाई कि क्या एक राष्ट्र विविधता के साथ अस्तित्व में रह सकता है।


निष्कर्ष: राख और पुनर्जागरण के बीच

म्यांमार आज भी दो रास्तों के बीच खड़ा है — विनाश और पुनर्निर्माण के। यदि विश्व ने आंखें मूंद लीं, तो यह ‘भुला दिया गया युद्ध’ बन जाएगा। पर यदि वैश्विक चेतना ने उसकी पुकार सुनी, तो यह साहस की मिसाल बन सकता है।

म्यांमार का भविष्य केवल कक्षाओं में नहीं, बल्कि उन हाथों में लिखा जाएगा जिन्होंने घुटने टेकने से इंकार कर दिया।





Thursday, October 02, 2025

Myanmar: World's Deadliest Proxy Conflict


Burma (Myanmar) is often described as the “world’s deadliest proxy conflict” because it combines three overlapping layers of violence: an entrenched civil war, regional rivalries, and global power competition. Here’s why the label fits:


1. Longest Running Civil War in the World

  • Since independence in 1948, Burma has faced continuous armed insurgencies involving dozens of ethnic groups (Karen, Kachin, Shan, Rakhine, Chin, etc.) seeking autonomy or independence.

  • After the February 2021 coup, the military (Tatmadaw) reignited war against both pro-democracy forces and ethnic armed groups.

  • By 2025, the country has fragmented into multiple war zones with thousands of armed clashes every year.


2. High Civilian Death Toll

  • Villages are bombed, food is weaponized, and forced conscription is common.

  • UN and NGOs estimate tens of thousands of civilian deaths since the coup, with millions displaced—a scale comparable to Syria or Sudan.

  • Systematic use of airstrikes on civilian areas makes it one of the deadliest active wars.


3. Proxy Dynamics: Regional Powers

  • China backs some ethnic groups near its border and maintains ties with the junta to protect pipelines, trade, and influence.

  • India hedges, supporting both the junta (for security along the Northeast border) and some opposition actors.

  • Thailand and ASEAN neighbors are caught in refugee flows and border trade.

  • Russia supplies weapons to the junta (fighter jets, helicopters) in exchange for diplomatic alignment.

This makes Myanmar a chessboard for regional rivalries, where no single actor wants the others to dominate.


4. Proxy Dynamics: Global Powers

  • The United States and EU back the National Unity Government (NUG) and pro-democracy activists rhetorically and with some aid.

  • China and Russia shield the junta at the UN Security Council.

  • The battlefield sees Chinese weapons with junta troops, Russian aircraft bombing rebels, Western funding to activists, and Indian/Thai cross-border supplies.

  • It resembles Cold War–style proxy struggles but concentrated in one fragile state.


5. Criminal Economies and Militias

  • Myanmar is the world’s largest source of methamphetamine and heroin exports.

  • Warlords, militias, and proxy groups fund themselves through narcotics, jade, timber, and cyber-fraud.

  • Global crime networks therefore overlap with the war, deepening instability.


6. Why “Deadliest”?

  • Unlike other proxy wars (Ukraine, Syria, Yemen), Burma combines maximum fragmentation (dozens of armed actors), minimal international media coverage, and intense foreign interference.

  • Civilians suffer the brunt: constant displacement, massacres, and famine risks.

  • Its casualty rate and humanitarian collapse—largely underreported—make experts call it the “deadliest proxy conflict” in today’s world.


In short: Burma is called the world’s deadliest proxy conflict because it is where the world’s longest civil war, foreign power rivalries (China, U.S., India, Russia, ASEAN), and narco-economics collide—producing immense civilian suffering and making the country a battlefield for others’ interests.


बर्मा (म्यांमार) को अक्सर “दुनिया का सबसे घातक प्रॉक्सी संघर्ष” कहा जाता है क्योंकि इसमें तीन परतों में हिंसा शामिल है: एक लंबा गृहयुद्ध, क्षेत्रीय प्रतिद्वंद्विता और वैश्विक शक्तियों की खींचतान। यहाँ विस्तार से कारण दिए गए हैं:


1. दुनिया का सबसे लंबा चला गृहयुद्ध

  • 1948 में स्वतंत्रता के बाद से बर्मा में लगातार सशस्त्र विद्रोह होते रहे हैं, जिनमें दर्जनों जातीय समूह (करेन, कचिन, शान, राखाइन, चिन आदि) स्वायत्तता या स्वतंत्रता की मांग कर रहे हैं।

  • फरवरी 2021 की तख़्तापलट के बाद सेना (तत्मादॉ) ने प्रजातंत्र समर्थक ताक़तों और जातीय सशस्त्र समूहों पर बड़े पैमाने पर युद्ध छेड़ दिया।

  • 2025 तक देश कई युद्ध क्षेत्रों में बंट चुका है, जहाँ हर साल हज़ारों लड़ाइयाँ हो रही हैं।


2. उच्च नागरिक मौतें

  • गाँवों पर बमबारी की जाती है, भोजन को हथियार बनाया जाता है और जबरन भर्ती कराई जाती है।

  • संयुक्त राष्ट्र और एनजीओ का अनुमान है कि तख़्तापलट के बाद से दसियों हज़ार नागरिक मारे जा चुके हैं, और लाखों लोग विस्थापित हुए हैं—पैमाना सीरिया या सूडान जैसा।

  • नागरिक इलाक़ों पर हवाई हमले इसे दुनिया के सबसे घातक सक्रिय युद्धों में से एक बना देते हैं।


3. क्षेत्रीय शक्तियों की प्रॉक्सी भूमिका

  • चीन अपनी सीमा के पास कुछ जातीय समूहों को समर्थन देता है और अपने व्यापार व पाइपलाइन हितों के लिए जुंटा (सैन्य शासन) से संबंध बनाए रखता है।

  • भारत सुरक्षा कारणों से (पूर्वोत्तर सीमा) सेना से संबंध रखता है लेकिन कुछ विपक्षी ताक़तों को भी सहयोग देता है।

  • थाईलैंड और ASEAN देश शरणार्थी संकट और सीमा पार व्यापार में उलझे हुए हैं।

  • रूस जुंटा को लड़ाकू विमान और हेलीकॉप्टर जैसी हथियार प्रणाली देता है।

इससे म्यांमार क्षेत्रीय ताक़तों के लिए शतरंज का मैदान बन गया है।


4. वैश्विक शक्तियों की प्रॉक्सी भूमिका

  • अमेरिका और यूरोपीय संघ राष्ट्रीय एकता सरकार (NUG) और लोकतंत्र समर्थकों को कूटनीतिक और वित्तीय सहायता देते हैं।

  • चीन और रूस संयुक्त राष्ट्र में जुंटा को ढाल देते हैं।

  • युद्ध के मैदान में तस्वीर उलझी हुई है—जुंटा के पास चीनी हथियार, रूसी विमान, कार्यकर्ताओं को पश्चिमी सहायता, और भारत-थाईलैंड से सीमा पार आपूर्ति

  • यह हालात शीतयुद्ध काल की तरह हैं, लेकिन एक ही नाज़ुक देश में केंद्रित।


5. अपराधी अर्थव्यवस्था और मिलिशिया

  • म्यांमार मेथामफेटामिन और हेरोइन का दुनिया का सबसे बड़ा स्रोत है।

  • युद्ध सरदार, मिलिशिया और प्रॉक्सी समूह नशे की तस्करी, जेड, लकड़ी और साइबर अपराध से वित्त जुटाते हैं।

  • वैश्विक अपराध नेटवर्क इस युद्ध से जुड़कर अस्थिरता को और गहरा करते हैं।


6. क्यों “सबसे घातक”?

  • अन्य प्रॉक्सी युद्धों (यूक्रेन, सीरिया, यमन) से अलग, बर्मा में सबसे अधिक विखंडन (दर्जनों हथियारबंद गुट), सबसे कम मीडिया कवरेज, और सबसे ज़्यादा बाहरी हस्तक्षेप है।

  • सबसे ज़्यादा पीड़ा नागरिकों को झेलनी पड़ती है: लगातार विस्थापन, नरसंहार और अकाल का ख़तरा।

  • इसकी मौत दर और मानवीय तबाही—अक्सर रिपोर्ट तक नहीं होती—विशेषज्ञों को इसे आज का “दुनिया का सबसे घातक प्रॉक्सी संघर्ष” कहने पर मजबूर करती है।


संक्षेप में: बर्मा को दुनिया का सबसे घातक प्रॉक्सी संघर्ष इसलिए कहा जाता है क्योंकि यह वह जगह है जहाँ दुनिया का सबसे लंबा गृहयुद्ध, विदेशी शक्तियों की प्रतिस्पर्धा (चीन, अमेरिका, भारत, रूस, ASEAN), और नशीले पदार्थों की अर्थव्यवस्था आपस में टकराते हैं—जिससे देश दूसरों के हितों की लड़ाई का मैदान बन जाता है।



Here’s a structured comparative table that places Burma (Myanmar) alongside Syria, Ukraine, and Yemen — showing at a glance why Myanmar is often called the “world’s deadliest proxy conflict.”


Comparative Table: Deadliest Proxy Wars

Category Myanmar (Burma) Syria Ukraine Yemen
Conflict Start 1948 (world’s longest-running civil war, intensified after 2021 coup) 2011 (Arab Spring uprising → multi-front war) 2014 (Crimea annexation), escalated 2022 full invasion 2014 (Houthi takeover → Saudi-led intervention 2015)
Main Local Actors Junta (Tatmadaw), National Unity Government (NUG), dozens of ethnic armed groups (Karen, Kachin, Shan, Rakhine, Chin, etc.) Assad regime, ISIS, Syrian Democratic Forces, opposition militias Ukrainian gov., Territorial Defense Forces Houthis, Yemen Gov., Southern Transitional Council
Proxy Powers Involved China, India, Thailand, Russia, USA, EU, ASEAN USA, Russia, Iran, Turkey, Gulf states, Hezbollah USA, NATO, EU vs. Russia, Iran (limited) Saudi Arabia, UAE vs. Iran, with US and Western backing
Weapons Supply Russia (jets, helis), China (arms), India/Thailand (cross-border), West (support to NUG) Russia (airpower, arms), USA (arms to rebels early on), Iran (to Assad/Hezbollah), Turkey (to rebels) NATO/EU heavy weapons, drones, missiles vs. Russia’s full arsenal Saudi-led coalition (US weapons), Iran (to Houthis)
Civilian Death Toll Tens of thousands killed since 2021 coup; hundreds of thousands over decades ~500,000+ since 2011 ~150,000+ (combat and civilians) since 2022 ~377,000 (direct + indirect, famine, disease)
Displacement ~3 million displaced internally + refugees (esp. Thailand, India, Bangladesh) ~13 million displaced/refugees ~7 million displaced (internal + external) ~4.5 million displaced
Humanitarian Crisis Severe: famine risk, airstrikes on villages, internet blackout zones, world’s largest meth & heroin trade financing war Severe: destroyed cities, refugee exodus to Europe, chemical weapons use Severe: infrastructure collapse, energy crises, refugee flow to Europe Severe: famine, cholera epidemic, fuel blockade, dependence on aid
Fragmentation of Armed Groups Extremely fragmented: dozens of ethnic armies, militias, PDFs (People’s Defense Forces) → most fractured battlefield Fragmented: regime vs. multiple rebel factions + ISIS Relatively binary: Ukraine vs. Russia (but with some partisan groups) 3-way: Houthis, Yemen Gov., separatists, with shifting alliances
Media Attention Very low global coverage despite scale High (ISIS, refugee crisis) Extremely high (frontline of NATO–Russia clash) Medium (covered in Gulf/UN but overshadowed by Ukraine)
Duration / Persistence 77+ years ongoing (world’s longest civil war, still intensifying) 14 years 11 years (modern phase) 11 years
Why Deadliest? Longest conflict, most fragmented, foreign powers from every direction, massive civilian suffering but least reported High-intensity, but mostly stabilized (Assad in control) High-tech war with global stakes, but binary and concentrated Severe humanitarian collapse, but conflict is narrower compared to Myanmar

🔑 Key Takeaways

  • Myanmar stands out because:

    • It is the longest-running civil war in the world (77+ years).

    • It has the highest level of armed fragmentation (dozens of groups, not just 2–3 sides).

    • It is a regional and global proxy battlefield with China, Russia, India, USA, ASEAN all entangled.

    • Despite enormous civilian suffering, it gets the least international coverage compared to Syria, Ukraine, and Yemen.



यहाँ एक संरचित तुलनात्मक तालिका है जो बर्मा (म्यांमार) की सीरिया, यूक्रेन और यमन से तुलना करती है — और दिखाती है कि क्यों म्यांमार को अक्सर “दुनिया का सबसे घातक प्रॉक्सी संघर्ष” कहा जाता है।


तुलनात्मक तालिका: सबसे घातक प्रॉक्सी युद्ध

श्रेणी म्यांमार (बर्मा) सीरिया यूक्रेन यमन
संघर्ष की शुरुआत 1948 (विश्व का सबसे लंबा गृहयुद्ध, 2021 की तख़्तापलट के बाद तेज़) 2011 (अरब स्प्रिंग → बहु-मोर्चा युद्ध) 2014 (क्रीमिया कब्ज़ा), 2022 में पूर्ण युद्ध 2014 (हौथी विद्रोह → 2015 सऊदी हस्तक्षेप)
मुख्य स्थानीय पक्ष सेना (तत्मादॉ), राष्ट्रीय एकता सरकार (NUG), दर्जनों जातीय सशस्त्र समूह (करेन, कचिन, शान, राखाइन, चिन आदि) असद शासन, आईएसआईएस, सीरियन डेमोक्रेटिक फोर्सेस, विपक्षी गुट यूक्रेनी सरकार, टेरिटोरियल डिफेंस फोर्सेस हौथी, यमन सरकार, साउदर्न ट्रांज़िशनल काउंसिल
प्रॉक्सी शक्तियाँ चीन, भारत, थाईलैंड, रूस, अमेरिका, यूरोपीय संघ, ASEAN अमेरिका, रूस, ईरान, तुर्की, खाड़ी देश, हिज़्बुल्लाह अमेरिका, नाटो, यूरोपीय संघ बनाम रूस, (सीमित रूप से ईरान) सऊदी अरब, यूएई बनाम ईरान (अमेरिका व पश्चिमी समर्थन)
हथियार आपूर्ति रूस (लड़ाकू विमान, हेलिकॉप्टर), चीन (हथियार), भारत/थाईलैंड (सीमापार), पश्चिम (NUG को समर्थन) रूस (हवाई हमले, हथियार), अमेरिका (विद्रोहियों को शुरुआत में हथियार), ईरान (असद/हिज़्बुल्लाह), तुर्की (विद्रोही गुट) नाटो/ईयू (भारी हथियार, ड्रोन, मिसाइल) बनाम रूस का पूरा शस्त्रागार सऊदी गठबंधन (अमेरिकी हथियार), ईरान (हौथियों को)
नागरिक मौतें केवल 2021 के बाद से ही दसियों हज़ार मौतें; दशकों में लाखों ~5,00,000+ (2011 से) ~1,50,000+ (2022 से अब तक) ~3,77,000 (सीधी + परोक्ष, भुखमरी व बीमारी से)
विस्थापन ~30 लाख लोग (आंतरिक + शरणार्थी: थाईलैंड, भारत, बांग्लादेश) ~1.3 करोड़ शरणार्थी/विस्थापित ~70 लाख विस्थापित (आंतरिक + बाहरी) ~45 लाख विस्थापित
मानवीय संकट भयानक: अकाल का ख़तरा, गाँवों पर हवाई हमले, इंटरनेट ब्लैकआउट, विश्व का सबसे बड़ा मेथ/हेरोइन व्यापार युद्ध को वित्त देता है भयानक: नष्ट शहर, यूरोप में शरणार्थी संकट, रासायनिक हथियार भयानक: ढहा हुआ बुनियादी ढाँचा, ऊर्जा संकट, यूरोप में शरणार्थी भयानक: अकाल, हैजा महामारी, ईंधन नाकाबंदी, विदेशी सहायता पर निर्भर
सशस्त्र गुटों का विखंडन अत्यधिक विखंडित: दर्जनों जातीय सेनाएँ, मिलिशिया, पीडीएफ (People’s Defense Forces) विखंडित: शासन बनाम विद्रोही गुट + आईएसआईएस अपेक्षाकृत द्विध्रुवीय: यूक्रेन बनाम रूस तीन तरफ़ा: हौथी, यमन सरकार, अलगाववादी
मीडिया कवरेज बहुत कम वैश्विक कवरेज, भले ही पैमाना विशाल हो बहुत अधिक (आईएसआईएस, शरणार्थी संकट) अत्यधिक (नाटो–रूस टकराव का केंद्र) मध्यम (यूक्रेन से ढका हुआ)
अवधि/लंबाई 77+ वर्ष (विश्व का सबसे लंबा गृहयुद्ध) 14 वर्ष 11 वर्ष (आधुनिक चरण) 11 वर्ष
क्यों “सबसे घातक”? सबसे लंबा युद्ध, सबसे अधिक विखंडन, सभी ओर से विदेशी हस्तक्षेप, नागरिक सबसे अधिक पीड़ित, लेकिन सबसे कम रिपोर्टिंग तीव्र, पर अब स्थिर (असद नियंत्रण में) उच्च तकनीक वाला युद्ध, पर द्विपक्षीय मानवीय संकट गहरा, पर म्यांमार जितना विखंडित नहीं

🔑 मुख्य निष्कर्ष

  • म्यांमार सबसे अलग है क्योंकि:

    • यह विश्व का सबसे लंबा गृहयुद्ध है (77+ वर्ष)।

    • इसमें सबसे ज़्यादा सशस्त्र गुट और विखंडन है।

    • यह क्षेत्रीय और वैश्विक शक्तियों का प्रॉक्सी युद्धक्षेत्र है (चीन, रूस, भारत, अमेरिका, ASEAN)।

    • भारी नागरिक पीड़ा के बावजूद इसे सबसे कम अंतर्राष्ट्रीय कवरेज मिलता है।




Sunday, May 11, 2025

Ongoing Conflicts Around The World



Below is a list of major wars and armed conflicts around the world as of May 2025, based on available data from sources like the Uppsala Conflict Data Program, ACLED, Crisis Group, and others. Each conflict includes a brief description, duration, causes, chances of resolution, and potential primary peacemakers. Note that the list focuses on significant ongoing conflicts with at least 100 direct violent deaths per year, as per the Uppsala criteria, and excludes smaller-scale violence or criminal gang activity unless it involves significant military or paramilitary engagement. Due to the complexity and number of conflicts, there is a  summary below of key details concisely while covering the most prominent cases. For some conflicts, precise data on fatalities or resolution prospects may be limited, so there will be informed estimates based on trends.


1. Russia-Ukraine War
  • Description: A full-scale interstate war following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, involving intense fighting in eastern and southern Ukraine, with Russian territorial gains and Ukrainian counteroffensives. It includes air strikes, drone warfare, and significant civilian casualties.
  • Duration: Since February 24, 2022 (escalation of a conflict ongoing since 2014 with Russia’s annexation of Crimea and support for separatists in Donetsk and Luhansk). ~3 years for the current phase; ~11 years total.
  • Causes: Russian territorial ambitions, geopolitical rivalry (NATO expansion concerns), nationalist narratives, and control over eastern Ukraine’s resources and strategic areas. Ukraine fights for sovereignty and territorial integrity.
  • Chances of Resolution: Low in the near term. Russia’s territorial gains and maximalist demands (e.g., recognition of annexed territories) clash with Ukraine’s existential need to resist. A ceasefire favorable to Moscow is possible in 2025, but a lasting peace deal is unlikely due to irreconcilable goals.
  • Primary Peacemakers: United States, European Union, Turkey, and potentially China could mediate. The UN and International Criminal Court have roles but limited influence. Neutral countries like Switzerland or Qatar may facilitate talks.

2. Israel-Hamas War (Gaza)
  • Description: A high-intensity conflict centered in Gaza, with Israeli military operations against Hamas following the October 7, 2023, attack. Involves airstrikes, ground operations, and a severe humanitarian crisis, with over 22,000 Palestinian deaths by late 2023.
  • Duration: Current phase since October 7, 2023 (~1.5 years), but part of a decades-long Israeli-Palestinian conflict rooted in 1948 and recurring escalations.
  • Causes: Hamas’s attack (killing over 1,000 Israelis, taking hostages) aimed to disrupt Israel’s normalization with Arab states and assert Palestinian resistance. Israel seeks to eliminate Hamas’s military capacity and secure its borders. Root causes include occupation, settlements, and Palestinian statehood aspirations.
  • Chances of Resolution: Low. Israel’s goal of dismantling Hamas is ambitious, and Hamas’s resilience and regional support (e.g., Iran) complicate outcomes. No ceasefire is in place, and Gaza’s humanitarian crisis worsens. Long-term peace requires addressing Palestinian statehood, unlikely soon.
  • Primary Peacemakers: Egypt, Qatar, and the United States have mediated past ceasefires. The UN and EU could push humanitarian pauses, but regional powers like Saudi Arabia may influence broader talks.

3. Sudan Civil War
  • Description: A brutal civil war between the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF), led by Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF), led by Mohamed “Hemedti” Hamdan Dagalo. Fighting has displaced 12 million and caused famine in Darfur, with staggering sexual violence.
  • Duration: Since April 2023 (~2 years).
  • Causes: Power struggle after the 2019 ouster of Omar al-Bashir. SAF and RSF, former allies, vie for control of Sudan’s government and resources. Ethnic and regional divisions, plus foreign backing (e.g., UAE for RSF, Egypt for SAF), fuel the conflict.
  • Chances of Resolution: Very low. The RSF’s territorial gains and lack of diplomatic progress hinder ceasefires. The conflict risks fracturing Sudan further. External sponsors exacerbate the stalemate.
  • Primary Peacemakers: African Union, Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD), and the UN could mediate. Saudi Arabia and the UAE, as key backers, are critical but conflicted due to their own agendas.

4. Myanmar Civil War
  • Description: A multi-front civil war pitting the military junta against ethnic armed groups and new resistance forces (People’s Defense Forces) following the 2021 coup. Over 3 million are displaced, with widespread poverty and infrastructure collapse.
  • Duration: Since February 2021 (~4 years), though ethnic conflicts predate the coup, some lasting decades.
  • Causes: The military’s coup ousted the elected government, sparking nationwide resistance. Ethnic groups fight for autonomy, while resistance groups seek to topple the junta. China’s support for the junta and regional rivalries complicate dynamics.
  • Chances of Resolution: Low. The junta faces losses but retains Chinese backing, while resistance groups lack unity. A 2025 election, if held, may escalate violence.
  • Primary Peacemakers: ASEAN, China, and India could mediate, but ASEAN’s efforts have been ineffective. The UN has limited leverage due to vetoes by China and Russia.

5. Mexican Drug War
  • Description: An ongoing conflict between the Mexican government and drug cartels (e.g., Sinaloa, Jalisco New Generation), with cartels fighting each other for control of trafficking routes. Violence includes assassinations, massacres, and civilian targeting.
  • Duration: Since December 2006 (~18 years), when the government launched a crackdown on cartels.
  • Causes: Cartels seek economic control over drug trade (especially fentanyl), fueled by U.S. demand. Corruption, weak governance, and U.S.-supplied weapons sustain violence. Political instability and elections exacerbate tensions.
  • Chances of Resolution: Low. Fragmentation of cartels into smaller, violent groups and systemic corruption hinder progress. Non-military approaches (e.g., legalization, social programs) are debated but unimplemented.
  • Primary Peacemakers: Mexico’s government, with U.S. cooperation on drug policy and arms control, could drive change. Civil society and international NGOs may push alternative strategies.

6. Yemeni Civil War
  • Description: A complex conflict involving the Houthi movement, the internationally recognized Yemeni government, and a Saudi-led coalition. Houthi attacks on Red Sea shipping have escalated tensions with Western powers.
  • Duration: Since September 2014 (~10.5 years), with Saudi intervention since 2015.
  • Causes: Houthi takeover of Sanaa sparked a power struggle, fueled by sectarian (Shia-Sunni) tensions, Iranian support for Houthis, and Saudi/UAE interests in regional dominance. Economic collapse and tribal rivalries worsen the crisis.
  • Chances of Resolution: Moderate. A UN-brokered truce in 2023 showed progress, but Houthi maritime attacks and external backing (Iran, Saudi Arabia) complicate peace. A roadmap for ceasefire exists but is fragile.
  • Primary Peacemakers: UN, Oman, and Saudi Arabia are key mediators. Iran’s involvement is crucial but challenging due to its rivalry with Saudi Arabia.

7. Sahel Conflicts (Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger)
  • Description: Jihadist insurgencies by groups like JNIM (al-Qaeda-affiliated) and Islamic State in the Greater Sahara against military juntas and local forces. Violence includes civilian massacres and resource conflicts.
  • Duration: Since 2012 (13 years), with escalation after 2021 coups in Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger.
  • Causes: Jihadist groups exploit weak governance, poverty, and ethnic tensions. Military juntas’ aggressive tactics and Russian mercenary involvement (post-French withdrawal) fuel violence. Climate change and resource scarcity exacerbate local conflicts.
  • Chances of Resolution: Low. Jihadist groups are resilient, and juntas prioritize military solutions over governance. Regional cooperation is weak after the collapse of French-led initiatives.
  • Primary Peacemakers: ECOWAS, African Union, and the UN could mediate, but juntas resist external influence. Algeria and Morocco may play roles, but Russian presence complicates efforts.

8. Democratic Republic of Congo (M23 Conflict)
  • Description: Fighting in eastern DRC between the M23 rebel group, backed by Rwanda, and the Congolese army (FARDC) with allied militias (Wazalendo). Clashes displace millions and threaten regional stability.
  • Duration: Current M23 escalation since late 2021 (~3.5 years), but eastern DRC conflicts persist since the 1990s.
  • Causes: M23 seeks influence and control over resource-rich areas, with Rwanda’s alleged support tied to security and economic interests. Ethnic tensions and weak governance fuel violence. Regional rivalries (Rwanda vs. DRC) sustain the conflict.
  • Chances of Resolution: Low. Peace agreements are fragile due to mutual distrust and proxy warfare. Continued M23 advances risk spoiling talks.
  • Primary Peacemakers: African Union, East African Community (EAC), and Angola could mediate. Rwanda and DRC must engage directly, but geopolitical tensions hinder progress.

9. Somalia Insurgency
  • Description: Al-Shabaab, an al-Qaeda-affiliated group, fights the Somali government and clan militias, controlling rural areas and conducting urban attacks. Recent Al-Shabaab gains (e.g., Adan Yabal) challenge government control.
  • Duration: Since 2006 (19 years).
  • Causes: Al-Shabaab seeks to impose strict Islamist rule, exploiting clan divisions and government weakness. Foreign interventions (e.g., AMISOM, U.S. airstrikes) and resource competition sustain violence.
  • Chances of Resolution: Low. Al-Shabaab’s resilience and government’s reliance on external support limit progress. Political divisions over 2025-2026 elections may escalate fighting.
  • Primary Peacemakers: African Union, UN, and Turkey could mediate. Ethiopia and Kenya, as regional powers, are key but face their own security challenges.

10. Haiti Gang Violence
  • Description: Gangs control much of Port-au-Prince, fighting each other and security forces, causing widespread displacement and humanitarian crises. Not a traditional war but meets conflict criteria due to scale.
  • Duration: Escalated since 2021 (~4 years), with roots in decades of instability.
  • Causes: Political vacuum after President Moïse’s 2021 assassination, economic collapse, and gang empowerment through arms trafficking. Gangs vie for territorial and economic control.
  • Chances of Resolution: Moderate. International support (e.g., Kenyan-led UN mission) could stabilize areas, but governance reforms are needed. Gangs’ fragmentation may aid negotiations.
  • Primary Peacemakers: UN, United States, and Caribbean Community (CARICOM). Kenya and Brazil, as mission contributors, are key.

11. Syria Conflict
  • Description: A fragmented conflict with Syrian government forces, backed by Russia and Iran, fighting rebel groups (e.g., Hayat Tahrir al-Sham) and Turkish-backed factions. Recent rebel offensives have destabilized Assad’s control.
  • Duration: Since March 2011 (~14 years).
  • Causes: Initially a civil war against Assad’s regime, now a proxy conflict involving Turkey, Russia, Iran, and the U.S. Territorial control, sectarian divides, and foreign interests drive violence.
  • Chances of Resolution: Low. Assad’s weakened position and external actors’ competing agendas (e.g., Turkey vs. Russia) make peace elusive. Rebel gains may force talks but risk escalation.
  • Primary Peacemakers: UN, Turkey, Russia, and Iran. Qatar and Saudi Arabia could facilitate regional dialogue.

12. Ethiopia (Amhara and Oromia Conflicts)
  • Description: Internal conflicts involving Amhara militias (Fano) and Oromo Liberation Army against the Ethiopian government. Violence stems from ethnic and political grievances.
  • Duration: Amhara conflict since 2023 (2 years); Oromia since 2018 (7 years).
  • Causes: Ethnic federalism disputes, marginalization claims, and resistance to Abiy Ahmed’s centralization. Resource competition and historical grievances fuel fighting.
  • Chances of Resolution: Moderate. The 2022 Tigray ceasefire shows dialogue potential, but Amhara and Oromo distrust complicates talks.
  • Primary Peacemakers: African Union, IGAD, and Ethiopian civil society. The U.S. and EU could support inclusive dialogue.

Other Notable Conflicts
Due to space constraints, smaller conflicts (100–1,000 deaths/year) are summarized:
  • Colombia (ELN and FARC Dissidents): Ongoing since 1964, with ~1,000 deaths/year. Drug trafficking and territorial control drive violence. Peace talks with ELN have potential (moderate resolution chances). Mediators: Colombia government, Norway, Cuba.
  • Nigeria (Boko Haram, ISWAP, Herder-Farmer Clashes): Since ~2009, with ~1,000–10,000 deaths/year. Jihadist insurgency and resource conflicts. Low resolution chances due to governance issues. Mediators: ECOWAS, Nigeria government.
  • India-Pakistan (Kashmir): Intermittent since 1947, with recent escalations (e.g., May 2025 missile strikes). Territorial and nationalist disputes. Low resolution chances without major diplomacy. Mediators: UN, neutral powers like Norway.
  • Great Lakes Region (Burundi, Rwanda, Uganda): Proxy conflicts and ethnic violence since the 1990s. Low resolution chances due to regional rivalries. Mediators: AU, EAC.

Notes
  • Total Conflicts: ~52 countries host armed conflicts, with 4 major wars (>10,000 deaths/year), 20 high-intensity conflicts (1,000–9,999 deaths), and ~28 lower-intensity conflicts (100–999 deaths).
  • Global Trends: Conflicts are increasingly internationalized, with 92 countries involved externally. Resolution is harder due to fewer peace agreements (4% of conflicts end this way vs. 23% in the 1970s).
  • Data Gaps: Exact casualty figures and resolution prospects vary due to underreporting and fluid dynamics. I’ve used conservative estimates from ACLED, SIPRI, and Crisis Group.
  • Peacemaking Challenges: External powers (e.g., Russia, China, U.S.) often prioritize strategic interests over peace, and regional organizations lack resources.